Principles of Public Speaking 19th Edition

Description

Balancing skills and theory, Principles of Public Speaking, 19th Edition, emphasizes orality, internet technology, and critical thinking as it encourages the reader to see public speaking as a way to build community in today's diverse world. Within a framework that emphasizes speaker responsibility, listening, and cultural awareness, this classic book uses examples from college, workplace, political, and social communication to make the study of public speaking relevant, contemporary, and exciting. This edition opens with a new chapter on speaking apprehension, and offers enhanced online resources for instructors and students. Half Title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 7 List of Figures......Page 18 Preface......Page 19 Acknowledgments......Page 22 PART ONE PUBLIC SPEAKING IN AN ELECTRONIC WORLD......Page 24 CHAPTER 1 SPEECH AND HIGHER EDUCATION......Page 26 Studying Public Speaking......Page 27 Orality in Public Life......Page 29 Basic Elements in the Speech-Making Process......Page 30 Ethical Responsibilities for Speakers......Page 32 Ethos in the Western World......Page 33 The Moral Bases of Public Decision Making......Page 34 Your First Speech......Page 36 Chapter Summary......Page 37 Speaker’s Web......Page 38 CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED......Page 41 Selecting and Narrowing the Subject......Page 42 Speaking of … Skills: Brainstorming to Generate Topics......Page 43 Determining the Purpose......Page 44 General Purposes......Page 45 Specific Purposes......Page 46 Central Idea......Page 47 Analyzing the Audience and the Occasion......Page 49 Gathering the Material......Page 50 Making an Outline......Page 51 Speaking of … Skills: Practicing Your Speech......Page 53 Delivering the Speech......Page 54 Chapter Summary......Page 55 Speaker’s Web......Page 56 CHAPTER 3 COPING WITH ANXIETY......Page 59 What Causes Speaking Apprehension?......Page 60 Factors that Influence Apprehension......Page 63 Suggestions for Coping with Anxiety......Page 64 Speaking of … Skills: Strategies to Reduce Anxiety......Page 66 Planning Ahead......Page 67 References......Page 68 Speaker’s Web......Page 69 CHAPTER 4 CRITICAL LISTENING......Page 71 Hearing and Listening......Page 72 Barriers to Good Listening......Page 73 Know Your Purposes......Page 74 Listening for Comprehension......Page 76 Speaking of … Skills: Good Note Taking and Active Listening......Page 77 Speaking of … Ethics: Deliberately Misguiding Listeners......Page 78 Critical Listening......Page 79 Chapter Summary......Page 81 References......Page 82 Speaker’s Web......Page 83 Listening Workshop......Page 84 PART TWO PLANNING AND PREPARING YOUR SPEECH......Page 86 CHAPTER 5 UNDERSTANDING YOUR AUDIENCE......Page 88 Analyzing Your Audience Demographically......Page 89 Gender......Page 90 Group Membership......Page 91 Cultural and Ethnic Background......Page 92 Analyzing Your Audience Psychologically......Page 93 Attitudes......Page 94 Values......Page 95 Assessing Listeners’ Identities......Page 97 Speaking of … Skills: Handling Hostile Audiences......Page 98 Using Audience Analysis in Speech Preparation......Page 99 Developing Your Speaking Goals......Page 100 Speaking of … Ethics: Using Audience Analysis Ethically......Page 101 Developing Your Specific Purposes......Page 102 Developing Your Appeals......Page 103 Sample Audience Analysis......Page 104 Chapter Summary......Page 105 Speaker’s Web......Page 106 CHAPTER 6 FINDING AND USING SUPPORTING MATERIALS......Page 108 Determining the Kinds of Supporting Materials You’ll Need......Page 109 Speaking of … Skills: How Much Material Is Enough?......Page 110 Finding Supporting Materials......Page 111 Finding Electronic Resources......Page 112 Sources of Supporting Materials......Page 117 Magazines and Journals......Page 118 Government Publications......Page 119 Finding Information Through Interviews......Page 120 Examples......Page 121 Speaking of … Skills: Choosing Supporting Materials......Page 123 Statistics......Page 125 Testimony......Page 128 Functions of Supporting Materials......Page 129 Speaking of … Skills: Citing Sources......Page 130 Sample Outline for a Problem–Solution Speech......Page 131 Chapter Summary......Page 133 References......Page 134 Speaker’s Web......Page 135 CHAPTER 7 ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH......Page 137 Developing Your Speech Plan......Page 138 Choosing Your Organizational Plan......Page 139 Chronological Patterns......Page 140 Causal Patterns......Page 142 Topical Patterns......Page 143 Audience-Centered Patterns of Organization......Page 144 Familiarity–Acceptance Order......Page 145 Inquiry Order......Page 146 Elimination Order......Page 147 Techniques for Creating Associative Coherence in Your Speech......Page 148 Summaries......Page 149 Signposts......Page 150 Developing a Rough Outline......Page 151 Speaking of … Skills: Memory and Organization......Page 152 Developing a Speaking Outline......Page 154 Guidelines for Preparing Outlines......Page 156 Key Terms......Page 157 Speaker’s Web......Page 158 CHAPTER 8 BEGINNING AND ENDING YOUR SPEECH......Page 160 Activity......Page 161 Reality......Page 162 Suspense......Page 163 The Vital......Page 164 Referring to the Subject or Occasion......Page 165 Using a Personal Reference or Greeting......Page 166 Asking a Question......Page 167 Using a Quotation......Page 168 Telling a Humorous Story......Page 169 Using an Illustration......Page 170 Completing Your Introduction......Page 171 Ending Your Speech......Page 172 Summarizing the Major Points or Ideas......Page 173 Using an Illustration......Page 174 Stating a Personal Intention......Page 175 Sample Outline for an Introduction and Conclusion......Page 176 Assessing Your Progress......Page 177 References......Page 178 Speaker’s Web......Page 179 PART THREE PRESENTING YOUR SPEECH......Page 180 CHAPTER 9 WORDING YOUR SPEECH......Page 182 Using Oral Style......Page 183 Speaking of … Skills: Oral Versus Written Style......Page 184 Simplicity......Page 185 Restatement......Page 186 Definitions......Page 187 Imagery......Page 189 Metaphor......Page 190 Choosing a Rhetorical Frame......Page 191 Creating an Atmosphere......Page 192 Speaking of … Ethics: Doublespeak......Page 193 Appropriateness......Page 194 Adapting to Diverse Listeners......Page 196 Sample Speech......Page 198 Key Terms......Page 200 References......Page 201 Speaker’s Web......Page 202 CHAPTER 10 DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH......Page 204 The Extemporaneous Speech......Page 205 Speaking of … Skills: Impromptu Speaking......Page 206 The Memorized Speech......Page 207 Using Your Voice to Communicate......Page 208 The Effective Speaking Voice......Page 209 Speaking of … Skills: Vocal Exercises......Page 211 Dimensions of Nonverbal Communication......Page 213 Speaking of … Skills: Effective Online Communication......Page 218 Adapting Nonverbal Behavior to Your Presentations......Page 219 Key Terms......Page 221 References......Page 222 Speaker’s Web......Page 223 CHAPTER 11 USING VISUAL MEDIA......Page 225 Persuasion......Page 226 Your Own Body......Page 227 Photographs......Page 228 Speaking of … Skills: Using Visual Media in Business......Page 230 Drawings......Page 231 Graphs......Page 232 Charts and Tables......Page 235 Models......Page 236 Consider the Audience and the Occasion......Page 237 Integrate Verbal and Visual Materials Effectively......Page 238 The Potential of Computer-Generated Visual Materials: Microsoft PowerPoint......Page 239 Speaking of … Ethics: Can Pictures Lie?......Page 240 Key Terms......Page 241 Speaker’s Web......Page 242 PART FOUR TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING......Page 243 CHAPTER 12 SPEECHES TO INFORM......Page 245 Explanations and Lectures......Page 246 Essential Qualities of Informative Speeches......Page 247 Speaking of … Skills: Choosing a Topic......Page 248 Speaking of … Skills: Information Overload......Page 250 Constructing Strong Visualizations......Page 251 Providing Motivational Appeal......Page 252 Sample Outline for a Demonstration Speech......Page 253 Creating Curiosity......Page 255 Adapting to Prior Knowledge......Page 256 Involving Listeners......Page 257 Employing Multiple Channels......Page 258 Sample Outline for an Informative Speech......Page 259 Sample Informative Speech......Page 262 Chapter Summary......Page 264 References......Page 265 Speaker’s Web......Page 266 CHAPTER 13 SPEECHES TO PERSUADE......Page 268 Some Common Motivational Appeals......Page 269 Speaking of … Skills: Basic Human Needs......Page 270 Using Motivational Appeals......Page 275 Speaking of … Ethics: Using Fear Appeals......Page 276 Enhancing Your Credibility......Page 277 Speaking of … Skills: Inoculating Audiences Against Counterpersuasion......Page 278 Organizing Persuasive Speeches: The Motivated Sequence......Page 279 Speaking of … Skills: Persuading the Diverse Audience......Page 282 Step 3: Satisfaction......Page 283 Step 4: Visualization......Page 284 Step 5: Action......Page 285 Sample Outline for a Persuasive Speech......Page 286 Sample Outline for an Actuative Speech......Page 289 Key Terms......Page 292 Speaker’s Web......Page 293 CHAPTER 14 ARGUMENTATION AND CRITICAL THINKING......Page 295 Rational Thinking and Talking: Argumentation......Page 296 Types of Claims......Page 297 Types of Evidence......Page 299 Forms of Reasoning......Page 301 Reasoning from Examples......Page 303 Reasoning from Parallel Case......Page 304 Speaking of … Skills: Evaluating Arguments......Page 305 Sample Outline for an Argumentative Speech......Page 306 Detecting Fallacies in Reasoning......Page 309 Tips for Developing Argumentative Speeches......Page 310 Speaking of … Skills: Responding to Counterarguments......Page 311 Chapter Summary......Page 312 References......Page 313 Speaker’s Web......Page 314 CHAPTER 15 SPEAKING IN COMMUNITY SETTINGS......Page 316 Purpose......Page 317 Sample Speech of Introduction......Page 318 Typical Situations......Page 319 Formulating the Content......Page 320 Speeches to Entertain......Page 321 Purpose......Page 322 Purpose......Page 323 Formulating the Content......Page 324 Chapter Summary......Page 326 Speaker’s Web......Page 327 Illustration Credits......Page 328 Index......Page 329