Air Pollution Control Equipment Selection Guide

Description

This new edition of Air Pollution Control Equipment Selection Guide builds upon the successes of previous editions that developed a detailed discussion on various technologies used for air pollution control. This book covers a wide range of equipment and provides a good overview of the related principles and applications. A particularly valuable feature are the practical examples, not commonly available in other books. Based on the author's fifty years of experience in applying and operating air pollution control equipment, this book provides easy-to-read information on basic air pollution control technology and is the quintessential resource for the busy engineer and for those who do not have formal training in air pollution control. FEATURES OF THE THIRD EDITION Uniform and consistent applications information for comparing the effectiveness of different technologies. Provides answers to questions about how to reduce operating costs and how to achieve peak performance. Concise descriptions of each equipment with diagnostics and testing suggestions. New chapters on optimization techniques that help readers deal with different types of hardware for better performance and efficacy. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Author 1. Air Pollution Control 1.1. It Is Separation Technology 1.2. Wet Collection of Particulate 1.3. Dry Collection 1.4. Gas Absorption 1.4.1. Concept of Number of Transfer Units in Absorption 1.4.2. The Transfer Unit Concept in Gas Absorption 1.5. Hybrid Systems 2. Absorption Devices 2.1. Device Type 2.2. Typical Applications and Uses 2.3. Operating Principles 2.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 2.5. Design Basics 2.6. Operating Suggestions 3. Bioreactors 3.1. Device Types 3.1.1. Bioremediation 3.2. Typical Applications and Uses 3.3. Operating Principles 3.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 3.5. Design Basics 3.6. Operating Suggestions 3.6.1. Biotrickling Filter Technology 3.6.2. Aerobic Digester Technology 3.6.3. Bioscrubber Technology 4. Dry Cyclone Collectors 4.1. Device Type 4.2. Typical Applications and Uses 4.3. Operating Principles 4.5. Design Basics 4.6. Operating/Application Suggestions 5. Electrostatic Precipitators 5.1. Device Type 5.2. Typical Applications and Uses 5.3. Operating Principles 5.4. Primary Mechanism Used 5.5. Creation of Charge 5.5.1. Field Charging 5.5.2. Diffusion Charging 5.6. Design Basics 5.7. Resistivity of Dust 5.8. Operating Suggestions 5.8.1. Air Load/Gas Load Testing 5.8.2. Alignment 5.8.3. Thermal Expansion 5.8.4. Air In-Leakage 5.8.5. Rapping 5.8.6. Insulator Cleaning 5.8.7. Purge Heater and Ring Heater Systems 5.8.8. Process Temperature 5.8.9. Fuel Changes 6. Evaporative Coolers 6.1. Device Type 6.2. Typical Applications and Uses 6.3. Primary Mechanisms Used 6.4. Design Basics 6.4.1. Types of Gas Cooling 6.4.2. Gas Conditioning 6.4.3. Basic Sizing 6.4.4. All-Important Atomization 6.4.5. Case History Example 6.4.6. Cost Considerations 6.5. Operating Suggestions 7. Fabric Filter Collectors 7.1. Device Type 7.2. Typical Applications and Uses 7.3. Operating Principles 7.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 7.5. Design Basics 7.6. Operating Suggestions 8. Fiberbed Filters 8.1. Device Type 8.2. Typical Applications and Uses 8.2.1. Acid Mist 8.2.2. Asphalt Processing 8.2.3. Plasticizer/Vinyl/PVC Processing 8.2.4. Coating/Laminations 8.2.5. Electronics 8.2.6. Textile Processing 8.2.7. Metal Working 8.2.8. Lube Oil Vents and Reservoirs 8.2.9. Incinerator Emissions 8.2.10. Internal Combustion Engine Crankcase Vents 8.2.11. Precious Metal Recovery 8.2.12. Vacuum Pumps 8.3. Operating Principles 8.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 8.5. Design Basics 8.6. Operating/Application Suggestions 8.6.1. Filter Cleaning 8.6.2. Fiberbed Filter Life 8.6.3. Fire Protection If the Contaminant Is Combustible 9. Filament (Mesh Pad) Scrubbers 9.1. Device Type 9.2. Typical Applications 9.3. Operating Principles 9.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 9.5. Design Basics 9.6. Operating Suggestions 10. Fluidized Bed Scrubbers 10.1. Device Type 10.2. Typical Applications and Uses 10.3. Operating Principles 10.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 10.5. Design Basics 10.6. Operating Suggestions 11. Mechanically Aided Scrubbers 11.1. Device Type 11.2. Typical Applications and Uses 11.3. Operating Principles 11.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 11.5. Design Basics 11.6. Operating Suggestions 12. Packed Towers 12.1. Device Type 12.2. Typical Applications and Uses 12.3. Operating Principles 12.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 12.5. Design Basics 12.5.1. Counterflow 12.5.2. Crossflow 12.6. Operating Suggestions 13. Settling Chambers 13.1. Device Type 13.2. Typical Applications and Uses 13.3. Operating Principles 13.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 13.5. Design Basics 13.6. Operating/Application Suggestions 14. Spray Towers/Scrubbers 14.1. Device Type 14.2. Typical Applications and Uses 14.3. Operating Principles 14.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 14.5. Design Basics 14.6. Operating Suggestions 15. Thermal Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Control 15.1. Device Type 15.2. Typical Applications and Uses: Combustion Sources 15.3. Operating Principles 15.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 15.5. Design Basics 15.5.1. Different Forms of NOx 15.5.2. NOx Measurement Units 15.5.3. Thermal NOx 15.5.4. Fuel-Bound NOx 15.6. Thermal-NOx Control Strategies 15.7. Dilution Strategies 15.8. Staging Strategies 15.9. Post-combustion Strategies 15.10. Operating/Applications Suggestions 16. Thermal Oxidizers 16.1. Device Type 16.2. Typical Applications 16.3. Operating Principles 16.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 16.5. Design Basics 16.6. Operating Suggestions 17. Tray Scrubbers 17.1. Device Type 17.2. Typical Applications and Uses 17.3. Operating Principles 17.4. Primary Mechanism Used 17.5. Design Basics 17.6. Operating Suggestions 18. Vane Type Scrubbers 18.1. Device Type 18.2. Typical Applications 18.3. Operating Principle 18.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 18.5. Design Basics 18.6. Operating Suggestions 19. Venturi Scrubbers 19.1. Device Type 19.2. Typical Applications 19.3. Operating Principles 19.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 19.5. Design Basics 19.6. Operating/Application Suggestions 20. Wet Electrostatic Precipitators 20.1. Device Type 20.2. Typical Applications and Uses 20.3. Primary Mechanisms Used 20.4. Design Basics 20.5. Types of Wet Precipitators 20.5.1. Configuration 20.5.2. Arrangement 20.5.3. Irrigation Method 20.6. Selecting a Wet Electrostatic Precipitator 20.7. Operating Suggestions 21. Special Applications: Venturi Scrubbers as Evaporators 21.1. Device Type 21.2. Typical Applications 21.3. Operating Principles 21.4. Primary Mechanism Used 21.5. Design Basics 21.6. Operating Suggestions 22. Energy Recovery 22.1. Device Type 22.2. Typical Applications and Uses 22.3. Operating Principles 22.4. Primary Mechanism Used 22.5. Design Basics 22.6. Operating Suggestions 23. Multitechnique Equipment for Gasification (Syngas) 23.1. Device Type(s) 23.2. Typical Applications and Uses 23.2.1. Starved-Air Gasification 23.2.2. Plasma Destruction 23.2.3. Reformer Gasification 23.3. Operating Principles 23.4. Primary Mechanisms Used 23.5. Design Basics 23.6. Operating Suggestions 24. System Diagnostics and Testing 24.1. Tools 24.2. Isolate and Correct the Problem 24.2.1. Define the Problem 24.2.2. Inspect the Scrubber and/or System 24.2.3. Baseline the System 24.2.4. Search for Detailed Solution to the Problem 24.2.4.1. Gas Cleaning Device 24.2.4.2. Liquid Circuit Problems 24.2.4.3. Instrumentation Issues 24.2.4.4. Gas Moving Device 24.2.4.5. Gas Discharge Device 24.2.5. Fix the Problem 25. Optimization of Gas Cleaning Equipment, Overview 25.1. Defining the Problem 25.2. Post Installation Optimization by Equipment Type 26. Dry Cyclone Optimization 26.1. The Dry Cyclone 26.2. Dry Clone Performance Optimization 26.3. Importance of Uniform Gas Flow 26.4. Minimizing Particle Size Reduction 26.5. Importance of Vertical Orientation 26.6. Smooth Interior Surfaces 26.7. Maintain Control of Dust Level 26.8. Trim Gaskets 26.9. Minimize Dust Discharge Device Leaks 26.10. Control Static Electricity if Present 26.11. Adjust for Particle Size Differences 26.12. Potential Operating Problems Summary 26.13. Optimization Techniques 26.15. Inspect the Hopper If Used 26.16. Use Dust to Augment Sealing 26.17. Check Integrity of All Gaskets 26.18. Double Check the Dust Discharge Device If Fitted 26.19. No Dents! 27. Absorber Optimization 27.2. Minimize Potential Problems 27.2.1. Unless the Gas Is Absorbed and Reacted, Minimize Recycle 27.2.2. Dont Waste the Make Up Water 27.2.3. Control Temperatures 27.2.4. Careful pH Control, If Used, Is Critical 27.2.5. Make Chemical, If Used, Pass at Least Once Through 27.2.6. Locate Sensors for Most Rapid Response 27.3. Adjustments to Consider 27.3.1. Use Dilute Chemical Make Up If Possible 27.3.2. If Exotherms Is Present, Add Cold Make Up Water to Header 27.3.3. Premix Additive Chemicals 27.3.4. Choose Effective Probe/Sensor Locations 27.3.5. Seek Uniform Liquid Distribution 27.4. What If the Containment Is Easily Stripped? 27.4.1. Possible Problems Given the Chemical Addition Odor Control Example 27.4.2. Problems If the Absorbed Containment Easily Strips 27.5. Optimizing Odor Control Applications 27.6. Optimizing Applications That Easily Strip 28. Pre-Formed Spray Scrubbers Optimization 28.1. Balancing Absorption and Particulate Removal 28.2. Some Problems to Consider 28.3. Optimization Techniques 29. Precipitator Optimization 29.1. The Requirement of Synergy 29.2. Primary Precipitator Components 29.2.1. Gas Inlet Ductwork 29.2.2. Importance of Particulate Characteristics 29.2.3. Collecting Surface Characteristics 29.2.4. Electrode Type and Characteristics 29.3. Primary Components 29.3.1. Ancillary Components 29.4. The Power Supply 30. Quencher Optimization 30.1. Possible Problems 30.2. Optimization Techniques 31. Spray Tower Optimization 31.1. Possible Problems 31.2. Optimization Techniques 31.3. Vertical Gas Velocity 31.4. Spray Nozzles and Location 31.5. When Chemicals Are Used 31.6. Spray Nozzle Wear 31.7. Back-Mixing Issues 32. Tray Scrubber (Tray Tower) Optimization 32.1. Possible Problems 32.2. Optimization Possibilities 32.2.1. Mounting the Vessel True Vertically 32.2.2. Localized Wear and/or Solids Buildup 32.2.3. Weeping 32.2.4. Sudden Pressure Drop Changes 32.2.5. Sudden Changes in Efficiency 32.2.6. Face Spray 32.2.7. Droplet Eliminator Effects 33. Venturi Scrubber Optimization 33.1. Possible Problems 33.2. Possible Remedies 33.2.1. Preconditioning the Gas Stream 33.2.2. Turndown and Pressure Drop Maintenance 33.2.3. Method of Liquid Introduction 33.2.4. Effects of Wear 33.2.5. Improving Gas Absorption Appendix A Appendix B Afterword Index