Crossroads and Cultures, Combined Volume: A History of the World's Peoples

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Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World’s Peoples incorporates the best current cultural history into a fresh and original narrative that connects global patterns of development with life on the ground. As the title, “Crossroads,” suggests, this new synthesis highlights the places and times where people exchanged goods and commodities, shared innovations and ideas, waged war and spread disease, and in doing so joined their lives to the broad sweep of global history. Students benefit from a strong pedagogical design, abundant maps and images, and special features that heighten the narrative’s attention to the lives and voices of the world’s peoples.   Test drive a chapter today. Find out how.  Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page A Conversation with the Authors: The Story Behind Crossroads and Cultures How to Use This Book Versions and Supplements Note on Dates and Usage Brief Contents Contents Maps Special Features Acknowledgments 15 Collapse and Revival in Afro-Eurasia, 1300–1450 Backstory Fourteenth-Century Crisis and Renewal in Eurasia The “Great Mortality”: The Black Death of 1347–1350 Rebuilding Societies in Western Europe, 1350–1492 Ming China and the New Order in East Asia, 1368–1500 Islam’s New Frontiers Islamic Spiritual Ferment in Central Asia, 1350–1500 Ottoman Expansion and the Fall of Constantinople, 1354–1453 Commerce and Culture in Islamic West Africa Advance of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia The Global Bazaar Economic Prosperity and Maritime Trade in Asia, 1350–1450 China’s Overseas Overture: The Voyages of Zheng He, 1405–1433 Commerce and Culture in the Renaissance Counterpoint Age of the Samurai in Japan, 1185–1450 “The Low Overturning the High” The New Warrior Order Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST A French Theologian’s View of the Black Death READING THE PAST A Spanish Ambassador’sDescription of Samarkand LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Urban Weavers in India SEEING THE PAST Leonardo da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks PART 3 The Early Modern World, 1450–1750 16 Empires and Alternatives in the Americas, 1430–1530 Backstory Many Native Americas Tributes of Blood: The Aztec Empire, 1325–1521 Humble Origins, Imperial Ambitions Enlarging and Supplying the Capital Holy Terror: Aztec Rule, Religion, and Warfare Daily Life Under the Aztecs The Limits of Holy Terror Tributes of Sweat: The Inca Empire, 1430–1532 From Potato Farmers to Empire Builders The Great Apparatus: Inca Expansion and Religion Daily Life Under the Incas The Great Apparatus Breaks Down COUNTERPOINT The Peoples of North America’s Eastern Woodlands, 1450–1530 Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review SEEING THE PAST An Aztec Map of Tenochtitlán SEEING THE PAST The Coyolxauhqui Stone LIVES AND LIVELHOODS The Aztec Midwife READING THE PAST An Andean Creation Story 17 The Fall of Native American Empires and the Rise of an Atlantic World, 1450–1600 Backstory Guns, Sails, and Compasses: Europeans Venture Abroad Motives for Exploration Technologies of Exploration Portugal Takes the Lead New Crossroads, First Encounters: The European Voyages of Discovery, 1492–1521 Christopher Columbus in a New World From Independence to Servitude: The Encomienda System Columbus’s Successors The Columbian Exchange Spanish Conquests in the Americas, 1519–1600 The Fall of Aztec Mexico The Fall of Inca Peru The Conquest: Myths and Realities A New Empire in the Americas: New Spain and Peru, 1535–1600 American Silver and the Global Economy American Silver and Everyday Life Brazil by Accident: The Portuguese in the Americas, 1500–1600 Native Encounters and Foreign Competitors Bitter Sugar: Slavery and the Plantation Complex in the Early Atlantic World, 1530–1600 COUNTERPOINT The Mapuche of Chile: Native America’s Indomitable State A Culture of Warfare Uprisings Against the Spanish Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Tlatelolcan Elders Recall the Conquest of Mexico SEEING THE PAST Malintzin and the Meeting Between Moctezuma and Cortés READING THE PAST First Encounter in Brazil: Cabral’s Report to King Manoel of Portugal LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Atlantic Sugar Producers 18 Western Africa in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1450–1800 Backstory Many Western Africas Landlords and Strangers: Peoples and States in West Africa Empire Builders and Traders Sculptors and Priest-Kings Land of the Blacksmith Kings: West Central Africa Farmers and Traders Smiths and Kings Strangers in Ships: Gold, Slavery, and the Portuguese From Voyages of Reconnaissance to Trading Forts, 1415–1650 Portuguese Strategy in the Kingdom of Kongo Portuguese Strategy in Angola Northern Europeans and the Expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1800 The Rise and Fall of Monopoly Trading Companies How the Mature Slave Trade Functioned The Middle Passage Volume of the Slave Trade COUNTERPOINT The Pygmies of Central Africa Life in the Congo Rain Forest Pygmy-Bantu Relations Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS West Africa’s Gold Miners READING THE PAST Al-Sa’di on Jenne and Its History SEEING THE PAST Art of the Slave Trade: A Benin Bronze Plaque READING THE PAST Alonso de Sandoval, “General Points Relating to Slavery” 19 Trade and Empire in the Indian Ocean and South Asia, 1450–1750 Backstory Trading Cities and Inland Networks: East Africa Port Towns and Beginnings Indian Ocean Connections Links to the Interior Trade and Empire in South Asia Vijayanagara’s Rise and Fall, 1336–1565 The Power of the Mughals Gunpowder Weapons and Imperial Consolidation, 1500–1763 Everyday Life in the Mughal Empire European Interlopers Portuguese Conquistadors, 1500–1600 The Dutch and English East India Companies, 1600–1750 COUNTERPOINT Aceh: Fighting Back in Southeast Asia The Differing Fortunes of Aceh and Melaka Aceh, “the Veranda of Mecca” Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Portuguese Report of a Vijayanagara Festival SEEING THE PAST Reflections of the Divine in a Mughal Emerald LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Cinnamon Harvesters in Ceylon READING THE PAST Dutch Merchants Learn How to Act in Aceh 20 Consolidation and Conflict in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean, 1450–1750 Backstory The Power of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1750 Tools of Empire Expansion and Consolidation Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire Europe Divided, 1500–1650 Everyday Life in Early Modern Europe Protestant and Catholic Reformations Imperial Spain and Its Challenges The Seventeenth-Century Crisis European Innovations in Science and Government, 1550–1750 The Scientific Revolution The Emergence of Capitalism New Political Models: Absolutism and Constitutionalism COUNTERPOINT The Barbary Pirates Reign of the Sea Bandits The Barbary Wars Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Weapons of Mass Destruction: Ottomans vs. Persians in Baghdad LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Ottoman Coffeehouse Owners and Patrons SEEING THE PAST Gift Clocks for the Emperors of China READING THE PAST An Exiled European Muslim Visits the Netherlands 21 Expansion and Isolation in Asia, 1450–1750 Backstory Straddling Eurasia: Rise of the Russian Empire, 1462–1725 Consolidation in Muscovite Russia The Romanovs’ New Frontiers China from Ming to Qing Rule, 1500–1800 Late Ming Imperial Demands and Private Trade Manchu Expansion and the Rise of the Qing Empire Everyday Life in Ming and Qing China The Flourishing of Art and Culture Japan in Transition, 1540–1750 Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Unification of Japan Everyday Life and Culture in Tokugawa Japan Emergence of a National Culture Korea, a Land in Between, 1392–1750 Capital and Countryside Everyday Life in Choson Korea Consolidation in Mainland Southeast Asia, 1500–1750 Political Consolidation Commercial Trends COUNTERPOINT “Spiritual Conquest” in the Philippines Arrival of the Spanish The Limits of “Spiritual Conquest" Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review SEEING THE PAST Blue-on-White: Ming Export Porcelain LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Silk Weavers in China READING THE PAST Selections from the Hidden Christians’ Sacred Book READING THE PAST Scenes from the Daily Life of a Korean Queen 22 Transforming New Worlds: The American Colonies Mature, 1600–1750 Backstory The World that Silver Made: Spanish America, 1570–1750 Governing and Profiting from the Colonies Everyday Life in Spanish America Gold, Diamonds, and the Transformation of Brazil, 1695–1800 Boom Times for Colonial Brazil Everyday Life in Golden-Age Brazil Bitter Sugar, Part Two: Slavery and Colonialism in the Caribbean, 1625–1750 Pirates and Planters The Rise of Caribbean Slave Societies Growth and Change in British and French North America, 1607–1750 Experiments in Commercial Colonialism Everyday Life in the Northern Colonies COUNTERPOINT The Maroons of Suriname From Persecution to Freedom Suriname’s Distinctive Maroon Culture Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST An Iraqi Traveler’s Impressions of Potosí SEEING THE PAST Gentlemen of Esmeraldas LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Caribbean Buccaneers READING THE PAST A Swedish Traveler’s Description of Quebec PART 4 The World from 1750 to the Present 23 Atlantic Revolutions and the World, 1750–1830 Backstory The Promise of Enlightenment A New World of Ideas Enlightenment and the Old Order Popular Revolts in an Age of Enlightenment Revolution in North America The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1764–1775 The Birth of the United States, 1775–1789 The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire From Monarchy to Republic, 1789–1792 War, Terror, and Resistance, 1792–1799 Napoleon’s Reign, 1799–1815 Muhammad Ali and the Revolutionary Spirit in Egypt Revolution Continued in the Western Hemisphere Revolution in Haiti, 1791–1804 Revolutions in Latin America, 1810–1830 New Ideologies and Revolutionary Legacies COUNTERPOINT Religious Revival in a Secular Age Christianity’s Great Awakening Government and Religion Allied Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review SEEING THE PAST Portrait of Catherine the Great LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS The Cowboy Way of Life READING THE PAST Simon Bolivar on Latin American Independence READING THE PAST Phillis Wheatley, “On Being Brought from Africa to America” 24 Industry and Everyday Life, 1750–1900 Backstory The Industrial Revolution Begins, 1750–1830 The Global Roots of Industrialization Great Britain: A Culture of Experimentation World Trade and the Rise of Industry The Technology of Industry Industrialization After 1830 Industrial Innovation Gathers Speed Challenge to British Dominance Industrialization in Japan Economic Crises and Solutions The Industrial Revolution and the World The Slow Disintegration of Qing China Competition in West and South Asia A New Course for Africa Industry and Society The Changing Middle Class The New Working Class The Sexual Division of Labor The Culture of Industry Industry and the Arts COUNTERPOINT African Women and Slave Agriculture Women and Farming in Africa Women Slaves in the North American South Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Comes to the British Countryside LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Builders of the Trans-Siberian Railroad SEEING THE PAST Japan’s Industrious Society READING THE PAST Mexican Women on Strike 25 The Rise of Modern Nation-States, 1850–1900 Backstory Modernizing Nations “What Is a Nation?” Latin American Nation Building The Russian Empire’s New Course A Unified Italy and a United Germany Emerging Powers: The United States and Japan Expansion and Consolidation of the United States Dramatic Change in Japan The Culture of Nations The Culture of Tradition Westernization National Institutions COUNTERPOINT Outsiders Inside the Nation-State People of Color Women The Struggle for Citizens’ Rights Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Russian People Under Serfdom SEEING THE PAST The Korean Flag LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Historians of the Nation-State READING THE PAST “Good Wives, Wise Mothers” Build Japan 26 Imperial Order and Disorder, 1850–1914 Backstory Building Empires Imperialism: What Is It? Takeover in Asia Europeans Scramble for Africa Japan’s Imperial Agenda Technology, Environment, and the Imperial Advantage Imperial Society Changing Conditions of Everyday Life Medicine, Science, and Well-Being in the Colonies Migrants and Diasporas Culture in an Imperial Age The Culture of Everyday Life Art and Empire Imperial Contests at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century Clashes for Imperial Control Growing Resistance to Foreign Domination COUNTERPOINT The West Copies from the World Changes in the Arts Expansion of Ideas Lifestyles Transformed Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Rubber Workers in Congo SEEING THE PAST Imperial Architecture in Saigon LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Indentured Laborers READING THE PAST The United States Overthrows the Hawaiian Queen 27 Wars, Revolutions, and the Birth of Mass Society, 1910–1929 Backstory Revolutions, Local Wars, and World War Revolutionaries and Warriors: Mexico, China, and the Balkans Fighting World War I Civilians at War: The Home Front Revolution in Russia and the End of World War I Revolution in Russia Ending the War: 1918 Postwar Global Politics The Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920 Struggles for Reform and Independence Postwar Imperial Expansion An Age of the Masses Mass Society Culture for the Masses Mobilizing the Masses COUNTERPOINT A Golden Age for Argentineans A Flourishing Economy and Society Argentina’s Cultural Riches Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review SEEING THE PAST Wartime Propaganda READING THE PAST Communism Spreads in China READING THE PAST Léopold Sédar Senghor, “To the Senegalese Soldiers Who Died for France” LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS The Film Industry 28 Global Catastrophe: The Great Depression and World War II, 1929–1945 Backstory 1929: The Great Depression Begins Economic Disaster Strikes Social Effects of the Great Depression Protesting Poverty Militarizing the Masses in the 1930s The Rise of Stalinism Japanese Expansionism Hitler’s Rise to Power Democracies Mobilize Global War, 1937–1945 Europe’s Road to War The Early Years of the War, 1937–1943 War and the World’s Civilians From Allied Victory to the Cold War, 1943–1945 The Axis Defeated Postwar Plans and Uncertainties COUNTERPOINT Nonviolence and Pacifism in an Age of War Traditional Tactics: The Example of Nigerian Women Gandhi and Civil Disobedience Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Promoting Business in the Great Depression READING THE PAST “Comfort Women” in World War II LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Soldiers and Soldiering SEEING THE PAST Technological Warfare: Civilization or Barbarism? 29 The Emergence of New Nations in a Cold War World, 1945–1970 Backstory World Politics and the Cold War The New Superpowers The Cold War Unfolds, 1945–1962 The People’s Republic of China, 1949 Proxy Wars and Cold War Alliances Decolonization and the Birth of Nations The End of Empire in Asia The Struggle for Independence in the Middle East New Nations in Africa World Recovery in the 1950s and 1960s Expanding Economic Prosperity Building and Rebuilding Communism Cultural Dynamism amid Cold War Confronting the Heritage of World War Liberation Culture The Culture of Cold War COUNTERPOINT The Bandung Conference, 1955 Shared Goals Divisive Issues Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Cosmonauts and Astronauts SEEING THE PAST African Liberation on Cloth READING THE PAST The Great Leap Forward in China 30 Technological Transformation and the End of Cold War, 1960–1992 Backstory Advances in Technology and Science The Information Revolution The Space Age A New Scientific Revolution Changes in the World Economy The Rising Pacific Economy Multinational Corporations Global Changes in Work The Knowledge Economy Postindustrial Family Life Politics and Protest in an Age of Cold War Democracy and Dictatorship in Latin America Domestic Revolution and a Changing International Order Activists Challenge the Superpowers The End of the Cold War Order A Shifting Balance of Global Power A Change of Course in the West The Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc COUNTERPOINT Agrarian Peoples in a Technological Age Local Farmers Against Multinational Corporations Government Measures to Protect Farmers Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Japan Transforms Business Practices LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Global Tourism READING THE PAST Terror and Resistance in El Salvador SEEING THE PAST The Iranian Revolution as Visual News 31 A New Global Age, 1989 to the Present Backstory The Impact of Global Events on Regions and Nations North Versus South Advancing Nations in the Global Age Global Livelihoods and Institutions Global Networks and Changing Jobs Neoliberalism and the Global Economy Beyond the Nation-State Global Cities The Promises and Perils of Globalization Environmental Challenges Population Pressures and Public Health Worldwide Migration Terrorism Confronts the World Global Economic Crisis Cultures Without Borders The Quest for Human Rights Religion Worldwide Global Literature and Music COUNTERPOINT Who Am I? Local Identity in a Globalizing World Ethnic Strife and New Nations Movements to Protect Tradition Conclusion Notes Resources for Research Review READING THE PAST Testimony to South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission READING THE PAST Assessing Livelihoods for Women in a Global Economy SEEING THE PAST The Globalization of Urban Space LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Readers of the Qur’an Index