Advances in Dietary Lipids and Human Health

Description

Advances in Dietary Lipids and Human Health systematically summarizes recent research advances in dietary lipids and human health. The book proposes a strategy for the prevention of NCDs and the management of population and personal health through the rational use of dietary fat. It covers the relationship between total lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and NCDs, and other uncommon fatty acids, such as conjugated fatty acids, middle and short chain fatty acid, furan fatty acids, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and structured fat. Intended for nutrition researchers, dieticians, clinicians and others in academia who are focused on medicine, preventive medicine, public health and food science students, this valuable reference provides information that will assist readers in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, metabolic disorders, diabetes, neuropsychiatric diseases, and cancer by specifically managing dietary lipids. Front matter Copyright Contributors Overview of dietary lipids and human health Introduction Dietary lipids Dietary total fat intake and human health Dietary saturated fat intake and human health Dietary monounsaturated fat intake and human health Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and human health Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and cardiovascular diseases and risk factors Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and diabetes mellitus Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and cancers Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and respiratory diseases Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and cognition Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and depression Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and chronic kidney disease Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and inflammation Conclusion References Fatty acids and telomeres in humans Introduction Dietary fatty acids and telomeres Cross-sectional and prospective studies Randomized controlled trials Discussion Conclusion References The role of lipids in the brain Introduction Diversity of lipids in the brain Contrast lipid content and fatty acids in the brain to other tissues Lipids in different brain anatomical regions and cell types Mapping lipids in the brain using mass spectrometry techniques Properties of brain fatty acids Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids affect the brain and health The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-6 PUFA in the brain Docosahexaenoic acid has multiple functions in the brain Docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA; 22:5n-3) and the brain Arachidonic acid has multiple functions in the brain Where are brain lipids synthesized? In the brain or imported from blood? Brain lipids synthesized and uptake from blood into brain Fatty acid transport and metabolism of 14C-labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids in the developing brain Effects of exogenous/dietary agents on brain lipids Ethanol Cholesterol and saturated fat-enriched diets Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation Effects of traumatic brain injury Effects of plasticizers and microparticulate plastics on brain function Methyl mercury (MeHg) on brain lipids Conclusions References Lipids and mental health Introduction Metabolism of lipids in the brain Lipids and inflammation and oxidative stress Lipids, microbiota, and immune system Lipids and nervous system Can omega-3 fatty acids be used as treatment? How to use them? Depression How to use EPA/DHA in different stages of depression? Anxiety disorders Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Dementia Other disorders Bipolar disorders (BDs) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Schizophrenia Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Eating disorders (ED) Addiction Safety for using EPA/DHA as intervention in different genders and ages Conclusion References Diet in different fat content and cardiometabolic health Introduction Types of dietary fats and their food sources Trends in dietary fats intake Diet with different fat-to-carbohydrate ratios and cardiometabolic health What we previously conducted Effects of diets with different fat content on weight change and cardiometabolic risk factors Effects of diets with different fat contents on gut microbiota and microbial metabolites Conclusions References Dietary lipids and malignant tumor of the digestive system Dietary lipids and gastric cancer Epidemiological evidence of the relationship between dietary lipids and gastric cancer Dietary intake of PUFAs and H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis How does dietary lipids influence gastric cancer? Dietary intake of PUFAs and inflammation PUFAs and cell proliferation and apoptosis Synergistic anticancer effect of PUFAs and chemotherapeutic agents PUFAs improve chemotherateutic drug resistance Dietary lipids and liver carcinoma Epidemiological evidence of the relationship between dietary lipids and liver cancer How does dietary lipids influence liver cancer? PUFAs, cell proliferation, and apoptosis PUFAs and cancer stem cells PUFAs and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with hepatocellular carcinoma Bioactive metabolites of PUFAs and liver cancer N-3 PUFAs and colon cancer Epidemiological evidence of the relationship between dietary n-3 PUFAs and colon cancer How do dietary n-3 PUFAs influence colon cancer? Immunomodulatory effects of n-3 PUFAs Fatty acid mediated chemoprevention of mitochondrial apoptosis How can n-3 PUFAs enhance sensitization to radiotherapy and chemotherapy? Sensitization to chemotherapy N-3 PUFAs and 5-Fluorouracil N-3 PUFAs and platinum chemotherapeutic drugs N-3 PUFAs and BRD4 inhibitor N-3 PUFAs and sulindac analogues N-3 PUFAs and paclitaxel N-3 PUFAs ameliorate chemotherapy resistance Sensitization to radiotherapy N-3 PUFAs ameliorate cancer cachexia Conclusion References Dietary lipids and breast cancer Introduction Epidemiological evidence regarding dietary lipids intake and breast cancer Effect of total amount of fat intake Effect of different fatty acid types Effect of timing of dietary lipids exposure Effects of n-3 PUFA on breast cancer development Epidemiological evidence regarding n-3 PUFA intake and breast cancer Mechanisms mediating the effect of n-3 PUFA on breast cancer Conclusions References Marine lipids and diabetes Introduction Marine n-3 PUFAs and T2D prevention Marine n-3 PUFAs and T2D management Marine n-3 PUFAs and blood lipids Marine n-3 PUFAs and weight management Marine n-3 PUFAs and glycemic control Marine n-3 PUFAs and gestational diabetes Conclusion References Lipids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Introduction Fatty acids and NAFLD Factors affecting NAFLD on biomarkers of NAFLD Dose-response relationship between n-3 PUFA intake and biomarkers The underlying mechanisms why n-3 PUFAs protect against NAFLD References Dietary lipids and pulmonary diseases Pulmonary diseases Dietary lipids and clinically manifest asthma Dietary lipids and pneumonia Dietary lipids and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dietary lipids and pulmonary fibrosis Dietary lipids and lung cancer How do dietary lipids influence pulmonary diseases? The n-6 PUFA-derived pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators The n-3 PUFA-derived anti-inflammatory lipid mediators Polyunsaturated fatty acids and immunity regulation Conclusion References Dietary lipids and hypertension Introduction General background on the relationship between lipids and hypertension Clinical epidemiological traits of hypertension based on global data Essential lipids and their metabolites in the context of hypertension Lipid medical implications in prevention and management of hypertension Meta-analytic evidence based on dietary intervention studies Dietary supplements of lipids for blood pressure in the general/health population Dietary supplements of lipids on blood pressure in patients with cardiometabolic disorder Evidence based on the relevant epidemiological studies Longitudinal cohort-based relationship of dietary lipids with high blood pressure Case-control or cross-sectional studies on the relationship between dietary lipids and high blood pressure Biological mechanisms for the antihypertensive effects of dietary n-3 lipids Endothelial function and vascular reactivity Anti-inflammatory response Renin-angiotensin system Eicosanoid pathway Gut-brain axis Conclusion References Postprandial lipemia and the relationship to health Introduction Generation of an atherogenic postprandial phenotype Mechanisms linking postprandial lipids to atherogenesis Modulators of postprandial lipemia Dietary fats Chain length and degree of saturation of fatty acids affect postprandial lipemia Postprandial TG-lowering effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids Fatty acid positioning in triglycerides Interesterification (IE) Other food components and their effects on postprandial triglycerides (ppTG) Meal timing a novel mediator of postprandial triglycerides Nonmodifiable factors: Evidence of ethnic/genetic influences on postprandial lipemia Assessment of postprandial lipemia is important for CVD risk screening Conclusion References The metabolites derived from lipids and their effects on human health Introduction Lipolysis β-Oxidation Lipogenesis Ketogenesis Ketolysis Lipid peroxidation The gut microbiota and lipid metabolism Dietary lipids affect the phylogenetic diversity of the gut microbiota The gut microbiota modulates lipid metabolism Short chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota and their impacts on human lipid metabolism Effects of lipid metabolites on CVDs Association between ceramides and CVDs Association between eicosanoids and CVDs Metabolites derived from lipids that correlate with cancer incidence The effects of fatty acid and its metabolites on cancer incidence and progress The lipogenic enzymes implicated in the development of cancer The effects of lipid peroxidation metabolites on cancer development Metabolites derived from lipids that correlated with neurodegenerative disease Conclusions References Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease Alzheimer's disease What are the gaps in evidence that need attention? References Lipids and birth defects Introduction Evidence relating lipids to birth defects risk in human studies Evidence relating lipids to birth defects in animal studies The possible mechanism for the relationship between lipids and birth defects Conclusion References Conjugated linolenic acids and their bioactivities Introduction Natural sources and utilization of CLNA The metabolism of CLNA CLNA and carcinogenesis In vitro studies In vivo studies CLNA and lipid metabolism CLNA and plasma/serum lipid metabolism CLNA and hepatic triglyceride accumulation Effect of conjugated linolenic acid on obesity Effect of conjugated linolenic acid on type 2 diabetes mellitus Effect of conjugated linolenic acid on inflammatory bowel diseases Antioxidant activity of CLNA Conclusion References N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and homocysteine metabolism Introduction What is homocysteine? Hyperhomocysteinemia and health consequences Brief introduction of nutritional modulation of homocysteine Epidemiological evidence regarding n-3 PUFAs, genetics, and homocysteine levels Association between n-3 PUFAs and homocysteine levels Genetics of hyperhomocysteinemia Genetic risk, n-3 PUFAs and homocysteine metabolism Effects of n-3 PUFAs on homocysteine: Evidence from animal studies and cell culture Cell culture: n-3 PUFAs regulate homocysteine metabolism How do n-3 PUFAs regulate the key gene expression involved in homocysteine metabolic pathways? Experimental epidemiological evidence regarding the effects of n-3 PUFAs on homocysteine metabolism Effects of supplemental n-3 PUFAs on the levels of homocysteine and cardiometabolic risk factors Combined effects of supplemental n-3 PUFAs and vitamins on levels of homocysteine and cardiometabolic risk factors Mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs reduce homocysteine levels and future research Conclusion References Effect of 1,3-diacylglycerol on cardiometabolic risk Introduction The 1,3-diacylglycerol The source of 1,3-diacylglycerol Method of preparation of 1,3-diacylglycerol Direct esterification Selective hydrolysis Method of glycolysis Effects of 1,3-diacylglycerol on cardiometabolic risk The 1,3-diacylglycerol reduces body weight The 1,3-diacylglycerol reduces postprandial lipids The 1,3-diacylglycerol reduces fasting lipids The 1,3-diacylglycerol improves glucose metabolism Metabolism of 1,3-diacylglycerol Hydrolysis of 1,3-diacylglycerol in vivo Resynthesis of 1,3-diacylglycerol hydrolysates Supplementation of 1,3-diacylglycerol Cooking oil Dietary supplements Conclusion References Palmitoleic acid in health and disease Introduction Is palmitoleic acid a novel lipid hormone? Effects of palmitoleic acid on metabolic diseases Obesity Diabetes Cardiovascular diseases What are the gaps in evidence that need attention? References Ximenynic acid and its bioactivities Introduction Bioactivities, functions, and applications of ximenynic acid Effect of ximenynic acid on fatty acid metabolism Effect of ximenynic acid on diabetes Anti-inflammatory activities of ximenynic acid Anticancer activities of ximenynic acid Antimicrobial and larvicidal activities of ximenynic acid Applications in the cosmetic industry Other applications Safety of ximenynic acid Physical characteristics and natural distribution Structure and identification of ximenynic acid The distribution of ximenynic acid in nature Preparation methods of natural ximenynic acid Low-temperature crystallization Chromatography Supercritical chromatography Triximenynin extraction Synthesis of ximenynic acid The chemical synthesis of ximenynic acid The biosynthesis of ximenynic acid Conclusion and future studies of ximenynic acid References Application of phytosterols in management of plasma cholesterol Introduction Structure diversity and sources of dietary phytosterols Cholesterol-lowering effects Animal studies Clinical studies Dose response Lipid characteristics and age of subjects Intake frequency and occasion Food matrix type Phytosterols versus phytostanols Free versus esterified phytosterols Cholesterol-lowering mechanisms Commercial applications and regulated policy Conclusive remarks and future perspectives References Lipids in breast milk and formulas Introduction Composition of breast milk lipids Physical structure of milk fat globule Fatty acid Phospholipids and complex minor constituents Phospholipids Sterols Fat-soluble nutrients Source of breast milk lipids Medium-chain and long-chain FAs Long-chain polyunsaturated FAs Composition of formulas in lipids Fatty acid and triacylglycerol profile Phospholipids and minor constituents Sources of formulas lipids Vegetable oils and animal fat Marine oils and microbial oils Human milk fat substitutes Breast milk and formula lipid nutrition Digestion of breast milk fat in the infant gastrointestinal tract Formation of calcium-FA soap complexes Physiology and health role of human milk lipids Breast milk lipids and gut microbiota Lipid intake in early life, and later obesity risk and metabolic health Milk lipids on the development of the nervous system Conclusion References Index