Power Ultrasonics

Description

Front-Matter_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Front Matter Copyright_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Copyright Contributors_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Contributors About-the-editors_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean About the editors Chapter-1---Introduction-to-power-ultrasonics_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Introduction to power ultrasonics Introduction The field of power ultrasonics Historical notes Coverage of this book References Chapter-2---High-intensity-ultrasonic-waves-in-fluids--Nonl_2023_Power-Ultra_clean High-intensity ultrasonic waves in fluids: Nonlinear propagation and effects Introduction Nonlinear phenomena Basic equations. Acoustic, entropy, and vorticity modes Scope of nonlinear acoustics Nonlinear interactions within the acoustic mode Simple waves Quadratic approximation Nonlinear distortion and shock formation Shock structure Intense acoustic fields radiated by finite-aperture sources Formation of high-intensity ultrasound fields using focusing Nonlinear interactions between the acoustic and entropy modes General remarks Acoustic streaming and radiation force Medium heating due to absorption of acoustic waves Heat release at a shock Conclusion References Chapter-3---Acoustic-cavitation--Bubble-dynamics-in-high-p_2023_Power-Ultras_clean Acoustic cavitation: Bubble dynamics in high-power ultrasonic fields Introduction Cavitation thresholds Static tension threshold Acoustic cavitation threshold Single-bubble dynamics Bubble models Response curves Low driving High driving Parameter space diagrams Bubble habitat Single-bubble dynamics: Examples Shock wave emission Bubble splitting and merging Jet formation Bubble ensemble dynamics Bubble clusters Bubble filaments Bubble double layers Bubble cones N-bubble model N-bubble simulation examples Acoustic cavitation noise Subharmonics and period doubling Synchronization Bubble splitting Sonoluminescence Ultrasonic cleaning Conclusions References Chapter-4---High-intensity-ultrasonic-waves-in-solids--Nonl_2023_Power-Ultra_clean High-intensity ultrasonic waves in solids: Nonlinear dynamics and effects Introduction Fundamental nonlinear equations Constitutive equations and equation of motion Approximate analytical solutions Applications Isotropic solids and wavenumber modulation Applications Nonlinear effects in progressive and stationary waves Harmonic balance in progressive waves: Dispersion and attenuation Frequency mixing Applications Stationary waves: Nonlinear sources Applications Conclusions References Chapter-5---Piezoelectric-ceramic-materials-for-power-ultr_2023_Power-Ultras_clean Piezoelectric ceramic materials for power ultrasonic transducers Introduction Fundamentals of ferro-piezoelectric ceramics From the ferroelectric single crystal to the ceramic Ferroelectric hysteresis and domains The poling process Multifunctional ferro-piezoelectric ceramics Characterization methods of ceramics from piezoelectric resonances IEEE and European standard methods Alternative numerical methods, a review The iterative automatic method Applications of the iterative automatic method in the characterization of ceramics Thin-disk resonator, thickness poled Shear plate resonator, thickness poled Long bar resonator, length poled Using finite element analysis to check the validity of characterization Lead-free piezoceramics for environmental protection Aurivillius-type structure ceramics Alkaline niobates Bismuth-sodium titanates Barium-calcium zirconate-titanates Future trends References Chapter-6---Power-ultrasonic-transducers--Principles-and_2023_Power-Ultrason_clean Power ultrasonic transducers: Principles and design Introduction Ultrasonic vibrations: Mechanical oscillator Summary of vibration results Free vibration of an undamped oscillator Free vibration of a damped oscillator Forced vibration of an undamped oscillator Forced vibration of a damped oscillator A note on transient response Equivalent circuit, impedance Displacement/velocity forcing, parallel equivalent circuit Ultrasonic vibrations: Longitudinal vibrations Governing theory, natural frequencies Forced vibrations of a rod Three-dimensional effects Ultrasonic horns Equivalent circuit Summary of basic vibrations Piezoelectric materials The power ultrasonic transducer Basic transducer Practical design considerations Other configurations Transducer characterization and control Transducer impedance: Equivalent circuit Ultrasonic transducer systems Impedance matching Frequency control Amplitude control Power Modeling transducer behavior Transducer geometry input Materials inputs Boundary conditions Analysis type Analysis example Transducer development Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Chapter-7---Power-ultrasonic-transducers-with-vibrating-p_2023_Power-Ultraso_clean Power ultrasonic transducers with vibrating plate radiators Introduction Structure of transducers: Basic design Finite element modeling Controlling nonlinear vibration behavior Nonlinear piezoelectric responses Modal interactions Fatigue limitations of transducers Characteristics of the different types of plate transducers Stepped-plate transducers Grooved-plate transducers Stepped-grooved plate transducers Flat-plate transducers with reflectors Evaluating transducers in power operation: Electrical, vibrational, acoustic, and thermal characteristics Conclusions and future trends References Further reading Chapter-8---Measurement-techniques-in-power-ultrasonic_2023_Power-Ultrasonic_clean Measurement techniques in power ultrasonics Introduction Characterizing the source Electrically Optically: Vibrometry and microscopy Characterizing the generated ultrasound field Acoustic power: Bulk assessment Acoustic pressure and intensities: Local assessment Characterizing the resultant acoustic cavitation Scoping the challenge Acoustic methods Chemical methods Optical methods Mechanical methods Case studies: Characterizing two cavitating systems Conclusions References Chapter-9---Modeling-of-power-ultrasonic-transducers_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Modeling of power ultrasonic transducers Introduction Transduction and elastic wave propagation in solids Physical equations and boundary conditions Finite element method Variational formulation Space discretization Problem types Illustrative examples Length expander transducer Ultrasonic motor Acoustic waves in fluids and fluid-structure coupling Physical equations and boundary conditions FEM formulation The unbounded problem: far-field radiation of acoustic waves Methods based on exact nonlocal boundary conditions Exact nonlocal boundary conditions Boundary element method (BEM) Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) method Methods based on approximate boundary conditions Acoustic dampers Perfectly matched layers (PMLs) Illustrative example: Airborne stepped-plate transducer References Chapter-10---Ultrasonic-welding-of-metals-_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Ultrasonic welding of metals* Introduction Principles of ultrasonic metal welding Ultrasonic frequency Vibration amplitude Static force Power, energy, and time Materials Part geometry Tooling Ultrasonic welding equipment Mechanics and metallurgy of the ultrasonic weld Monitoring and control Applications of ultrasonic welding Electrical connections Electric vehicles Microelectronics-Ultrasonic microbonding Ultrasonic microbonding system Ultrasonic wirebonder Types of wire bonds Ultrasonic wedge bonding IC chip connections Wire bond examples Ultrasonic metal welding-Process advantages and disadvantages Solid-state welding process Aluminum, copper, other materials Dissimilar materials Thin-thick combinations Oxides and contaminants Fast, easily automated Filler metals and gases Low energy requirements Restricted to lap joints Limited in joint thickness and material hardness Material-part deformation Noise Process unfamiliarity Other ultrasonic metal welding processes Resistance spot welding/ultrasonics Arc processes/ultrasonics Friction stir welding Future trends System power and frequency Process controls and systems Mechanism of ultrasonic welding Joint types Materials and tooling Sources of further information and advice References Chapter-11---Ultrasonic-welding-of-plastics-and-polymeric_2023_Power-Ultraso_clean Ultrasonic welding of plastics and polymeric composites Introduction History Theory of the ultrasonic welding process Viscoelastic heating of polymers Wave propagation in polymers Diffusion Design for ultrasonic plastic welding Near-field and far-field ultrasonic welding General design considerations Joint and part design Types of ultrasonic processing Plunge welding Continuous and scan welding Staking and swaging Spot welding De-gating Inserting Ultrasonic welding equipment Power supply and controller Ultrasonic stack Actuator Fixture Automation Process variables Material weldability Compatibility Amorphous v. semi-crystalline polymers Microstructure References Further reading Chapter-12---Power-ultrasonics-for-additive-and-hybrid-ma_2023_Power-Ultraso_clean Power ultrasonics for additive and hybrid manufacturing Introduction Steps necessary for moving from computer data to part via AM Step 1: CAD 3D model creation Step 2: .stl file conversion Step 3: Build setup of specific AM machines Step 4: Manufacture of the component via the specific AM process Step 5: Postprocessing of components AM process categories Ultrasonic additive manufacturing System components Power supply Transducer Booster Sonotrode Anvil Process operation Welding speed Sonotrode oscillation amplitude Welding force Anvil temperature Sonotrode topology CNC milling Applications of UAM Complicated geometry Dissimilar material bonding Object embedment Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Chapter-13---Ultrasonic-metal-forming--Materials_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Ultrasonic metal forming: Materials Introduction Microstructure effects Macroscopic behavior Early developments The 1970s through 1990s Continued developments: 2000 onward Modeling ultrasonically assisted material deformation Surface friction Early developments Recent developments: 2000 onward Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Chapter-14---Ultrasonic-metal-forming--Processing_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Ultrasonic metal forming: Processing Introduction Wire and tube drawing Early developments The 1970s and 1980s The 1990s onward Deep drawing and bending Deep drawing Early years: 1960s and 1970s 1980s onward Ultrasonically assisted incremental forming Bending Forging and extrusion Early developments Developments-2000 onward Further developments in ultrasonic extrusion Shearing and blanking Ultrasonic rolling Surface treatment, surface rolling Surface treatment Ultrasonic surface rolling Compaction Early developments in compaction Recent developments in ultrasonic compaction Microforming Other forming processes Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Chapter-15---Using-power-ultrasonics-in-machine-tools_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Using power ultrasonics in machine tools Introduction Historical and technical review Surface grinding Turning Reaming Milling Drilling Machining/forming Summary and future developments Ultrasonic turning Ultrasonic cutting modes Mechanism of ultrasonic turning Systems hardware Ultrasonic turning data Turning speeds and machining practice Surface quality DOC and feed rate Tool wear Chip morphology Coolants Cutting forces Elliptical vibration cutting Recent developments in ultrasonic turning Cutting forces and temperatures Surface roughness Microstructure Tool wear Composites Process modeling Modeling-Vibrations, tool stress Control Ultrasonic drilling Recent developments in ultrasonic drilling, 2014 onward Amplitude, temperature, and force measurements in UAD The UAD system Evaluation of temperature measurement methods Measurement of load effects on vibration amplitude Summary and conclusion Ultrasonic milling Recent development in ultrasonic-assisted milling Experimental-Forces Experimental-Surface roughness Experimental-Chip thickness Experimental-Tool wear Modeling Ultrasonic grinding Recent developments in ultrasonic grinding Forces, temperatures, wear, vibration Surface roughness Chips Hybrid processes Reaming, honing, lapping, tapping Reaming Honing Tapping Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Chapter-16---Ultrasonic-motors_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Ultrasonic motors Introduction Traveling-wave ultrasonic motors Principle of the traveling-wave linear ultrasonic motor Variations of the traveling-wave linear ultrasonic motor Traveling-wave rotary motors: Ring or disk shape Traveling-wave rotary motors: Bar shape Hybrid transducer ultrasonic motors Hybrid transducer linear motors High-power hybrid transducer linear motors Hybrid transducer rotary motors Performance of ultrasonic motors and driver circuits Equivalent circuit modeling Discussion of motor performance Driving circuits for ultrasonic motors Conclusion and future trends References Chapter-17---Power-ultrasound-for-the-production-of-nano_2023_Power-Ultrason_clean Power ultrasound for the production of nanomaterials Introduction Ultrasound synthesis of metallic nanoparticles Ultrasound synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles Ultrasound synthesis of chalcogenide nanoparticles Ultrasound synthesis of metal halide nanoparticles Ultrasound synthesis of water-insoluble metal halides Ultrasound synthesis of water-soluble metal halides Using ultrasonic waves in the synthesis of graphene, graphene oxide, and other nanomaterials Ultrasound synthesis of miscellaneous nanoparticles The use of ultrasound for the deposition of nanoparticles on substrates Ultrasound synthesis of micro-and nanospheres Conclusions and future trends References Further reading Chapter-18---Ultrasonic-cleaning_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Ultrasonic cleaning Introduction Applications Cleaning Related applications History Ultrasonic cleaning hardware Transducers Generators Factors driving development Mechanism of ultrasonic cleaning Cavitation Cleaning Benefits of ultrasonic cleaning Ultrasonic cleaning process variables Size and number of cavitation voids The effect of temperature and chemistry on liquid properties Viscosity Surface tension Dissolved gas and the diffusion rate of dissolved gas Vapor pressure Ultrasonic power Ultrasonic frequency Ultrasonic cleaning chemistry Temperature Achieving optimum ultrasonic performance Degassing Ultrasonic power Part exposure Liquid movement ``agitation´´ Evaluating ultrasonic performance Measures of ultrasonic cleaning performance New technology Advancements in ultrasonic cleaning technology Ultrasonic transducers Ultrasonic generators Ultrasonic damage mechanisms Cavitation erosion or ``burning´´ Mechanical resonance Megasonics Megasonic configurations Future of ultrasonic cleaning Higher frequency Cost Future applications References Chapter-19---Ultrasonic-degassing-of-liquids_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Ultrasonic degassing of liquids Introduction Fundamentals of ultrasonic degassing General mechanisms Cavitation and degassing nuclei Mechanism of ultrasonic degassing in melts Main process parameters in ultrasonic degassing Ultrasonic energy Melt temperature Inclusions Alloy composition Treatment time and volume Industrial implementation of ultrasonic degassing References Chapter-20---Applications-to-solidification-and-casting-_2023_Power-Ultrason_clean Applications to solidification and casting of metals Historical overview of ultrasonic cavitation science and applications Brief theoretical introduction to ultrasonic cavitation processing Mechanisms of ultrasonic melt processing Structure refinement Cavitation-induced nucleation Activation of nonmetallic inclusions Fragmentation of primary intermetallics Deagglomeration and dispersion Emulsification (immiscible alloys) Practical implementations of ultrasonic melt processing in solidification and casting Structure refinement during casting Composite materials and immiscible alloys Concluding remarks References Chapter-21---Applications-of-power-ultrasound-in-minin_2023_Power-Ultrasonic_clean Applications of power ultrasound in mining Introduction The mining process The rock mass stress state Rock mass stress state measurements using power ultrasonic transducers Application of power ultrasound in particle size reduction Development of an ultrasonic-assisted high-pressure grinding roll Characterizing HPURM performance: Efficiency Characterizing the HPURM performance: Material wear testing Characterizing the HPURM performance: Rate of breakage tests Development of an ultrasonic-assisted flotation process for improving concentration of valuable minerals The flotation process Power ultrasound in flotation Recent developments in ultrasonic-assisted flotation process Ultrasonic-assisted sedimentation rate for increasing water-solid separation efficiency Water-solid separation process Power ultrasound in sedimentation Recent developments in ultrasonic-assisted sedimentation Conclusions and future trends References Chapter-22---Power-ultrasonics--Exploration-tools_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Power ultrasonics: Exploration tools Introduction Ultrasonic motors on the Moon Piezoelectric vibration techniques on Mars Ongoing research in power ultrasonics for space Conclusion References Chapter-23---Ultrasonic-surgical-devices-and-procedure_2023_Power-Ultrasonic_clean Ultrasonic surgical devices and procedures Introduction Surgical device requirements and goals Historical overview Target tissues Soft tissues Hard tissues Surgical requirements General device design Resonance as the fundamental design concept Key components: Generator, transducer, horn, probe, and wire Generator Transducer Coupler/horn Transmission element/probe/wire End effector Modes of operation Longitudinal Torsional Lateral and ellipsoidal Compound motions Wire transverse Unwanted modes End effectors Solid end effectors Hollow end effectors Wires Bends and shapes Ancillary concerns Irrigation and aspiration Physician interaction Mechanisms of action Cavitation Cavitation nuclei and rectified diffusion Transient cavitation Stable cavitation Direct impact Thermal Acoustic energy, acoustic streaming, and radiation force Acoustic pressure and power Acoustic radiation force and streaming Nebulization Device types Aspiration devices: Open surgery The CUSA and derivative devices Contact debridement Phacoemulsification devices Bone cutting Cutting/coagulation devices: The harmonic scalpel and derivative devices Remote disruptive devices Tissue-preserving devices Externally applied devices Focused ultrasound devices: High-intensity focused ultrasound Miniaturization of ultrasonic devices Medical device regulations General requirements IEC standards pertaining to ultrasonic surgical devices Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Further reading Chapter-24---Ultrasonic-dental-instrumentation_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Ultrasonic dental instrumentation Introduction Historical overview Mechanisms of action Mechanical action of the ultrasonic scaler Cavitation and acoustic microstreaming Biofilm removal Clinical evaluation of ultrasonic scalers Endosonics Cleaning of titanium implant surfaces Antimicrobial drug delivery Surgical applications Hazards: Damage to teeth Hazards: Aerosol production Hazards: Hearing Hazards: Cardiac pacemakers Future trends Conclusions References Chapter-25---High-intensity-focused-ultrasound-for-medic_2023_Power-Ultrason_clean High-intensity focused ultrasound for medical therapy Introduction Ultrasound interaction with tissue Thermal interaction Energy absorption Thermal ablation Apoptosis Hyperthermia Cavitational interaction Mechanism Tissue disintegration and fragmentation Enhancement of drug treatments Radiation force Therapy devices External devices Endocavity devices Interstitial and intraoperative devices Imaging guidance Ultrasound Magnetic resonance imaging Other imaging modalities Clinical experience Prostate Liver Breast Uterine fibroids Thyroid Bone Brain Stroke Future trends References Chapter-26---Pulsed-waves-for-medical-therapy_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Pulsed waves for medical therapy Introduction Acoustic sources Electrohydraulic source Electromagnetic source Piezoelectric source Ballistic source Coupling Mechanisms Direct stress Cavitation Clinical treatments Kidney stones Plantar fasciitis Healing of nonunion/delayed union of bones Chronic foot ulcers Chronic refractory angina pectoris Calcific tendinitis Lateral epicondylitis Conclusions and future directions References Chapter-27---Ultrasonic-cutting-for-surgical-applicati_2023_Power-Ultrasonic_clean Ultrasonic cutting for surgical applications Introduction: The origins of ultrasonic cutting for surgical devices Developments in ultrasound for soft-tissue dissection Developments in ultrasound for bone cutting and other surgical applications Cutting mechanisms in soft tissue Ultrasonic dissection of mineralized tissue Factors affecting device performance Multiple-mode devices Nonlinear and undesirable behavior Device characterization Modal analysis Harmonic characterization Orthopedic, orthodontic, and maxillofacial procedures Selective cutting A clinical procedure using ultrasonic devices Current and future trends Transduction materials Transducer design Additive manufacturing Flextensional transducers References Further reading Chapter-28---Design-and-scale-up-of-sonochemical-reactors-fo_2023_Power-Ultr_clean Design and scale-up of sonochemical reactors for food processing and other applications Introduction Modeling of cavitational reactors Understanding cavitational activity Experimental techniques based on primary effects Experimental techniques based on secondary effects Theoretical techniques for cavitation prediction Types of reactors Probe systems Ultrasonic baths Flow systems Developments in reactor design Selecting operating parameters Selection of frequency of irradiation Selection of power dissipation levels Selection of signal type or duty cycle Selection of temperature Liquid phase physicochemical properties Geometrical design of the reactor Reactor choice, scale-up, and optimization Future trends Conclusions References Chapter-29---Ultrasonic-mixing--homogenization--and-emulsific_2023_Power-Ult_clean Ultrasonic mixing, homogenization, and emulsification in food processing and other applications Introduction Cavitation and acoustic streaming Acoustic cavitation Acoustic streaming Conclusion Mixing Macromixing Micromixing Particle and aggregate dispersion and disruption Dispersion or deagglomeration Disruption and breakage Solid and liquid dissolution Homogenization Emulsification Specific aspects of US emulsification Main features of US emulsification Conclusions and future trends References Further reading Chapter-30---Ultrasonic-defoaming-and-debubbling-in-food-pr_2023_Power-Ultra_clean Ultrasonic defoaming and debubbling in food processing and other applications Introduction Foams Types and characteristics Effects of foam in processes Conventional methods for foam control Ultrasonic defoaming Mechanisms of ultrasonic defoaming Ultrasonic defoamers Using ultrasound to remove bubbles in coating layers Conclusions and future trends References Chapter-31---Power-ultrasonics-for-food-processing_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Power ultrasonics for food processing Introduction Ultrasonically assisted extraction (UAE) Proteins Oils and aromas Lipids Antioxidants Other bioactive compounds and current industrial applications Power ultrasound to intensify extractions Emulsification Viscosity modification Defoaming Sonocrystallization Fat separation Other applications: Sterilization, pasteurization, brining, and marinating Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) for ultrasound in food processing operations Conclusions and future trends References Chapter-32---Crystallization-and-freezing-processes-assist_2023_Power-Ultras_clean Crystallization and freezing processes assisted by power ultrasound Introduction Fundamentals of crystallization Saturation and supersaturation in solutions and melts Saturation Supersaturation Nucleation Primary nucleation Growth Induction time and metastable zone width Impact of ultrasound on solute crystallization Induction time Polymorphism and crystallinity Morphology and size distribution Nucleation and growth rates Agglomeration Impact of ultrasound on ice crystallization (freezing) Solute nucleation mechanisms induced by ultrasound Thermodynamic (temperature and pressure) effect Kinetic effect Effect on diffusion coefficient Segregation Chemical effect Heterogeneous nucleation Growth and breakage mechanisms Ice nucleation mechanisms induced by ultrasound A general survey A focus on the positive pressure effect Future trends References Chapter-33---Ultrasonic-drying-for-food-preservation_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Ultrasonic drying for food preservation Introduction Ultrasonic mechanisms involved in transport phenomena Convective transport Diffusion transport Heat transport Transducers with stepped plate, flat plate with reflectors, andcylindrical radiators Testing the effectiveness of ultrasonic drying Direct-contact applications Airborne applications Product properties affecting the effectiveness of ultrasonic drying Structural changes caused by ultrasound drying Impact of ultrasonic-assisted drying on product quality Conclusions and future trends References Chapter-34---Use-of-ultrasonic-atomization-for-encapsulation-a_2023_Power-Ul_clean Use of ultrasonic atomization for encapsulation and other processes in food and pharmaceutical manufacturing Introduction Fundamentals of ultrasonic atomization Ultrasonic atomizer design Measuring droplet size and distribution The effect of different operating parameters on droplet size Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the food industry: Spray drying and encapsulation Other food industry applications of ultrasonic atomization Extraction Nanofibers Microbial inactivation Analysis in food processing Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the pharmaceutical industry: Aerosols for drug delivery Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the pharmaceutical industry: Encapsulation for drug delivery Future trends Conclusions References Chapter-35---The-use-of-power-ultrasound-for-water-trea_2023_Power-Ultrasoni_clean The use of power ultrasound for water treatment Introduction Ultrasonic cavitation and advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) Hydroxyl radical and AOPs Sonochemistry of water: Cavitation and hydroxyl radical Sonochemical devices and experimentation Sonochemical devices Reactor calibration Ultrasonic effectiveness for water treatment Ultrasonic power and efficiency Characteristics of sonochemical elimination Oxidation of water soluble pollutants Oxidation of volatile organic molecules Eliminating volatile and nonvolatile molecules from a mixture Kinetics and sonochemical yields Kinetic constant of the sonochemical reaction Sonochemical yield and energy consumption Sonochemical treatment parameters The frequency effect The influence of temperature The influence of pH of the medium The effect of dissolved gases Formation of HNO2 and HNO3 in an aerated medium Enhancers and inhibitors in ultrasonic treatment of natural water Ultrasound in hybrid processes Hydrogen peroxide as a driving force of the hybrid processes Ultrasound and UV irradiation processes Ultrasound action enhancement in Fenton and photo-Fenton processes Ultrasound and ozone Ultrasound and photocatalysis Conclusion References Chapter-36---The-use-of-power-ultrasound-for-wastewater-an_2023_Power-Ultras_clean The use of power ultrasound for wastewater and biomass treatment Introduction Impact of ultrasound on biological suspensions Examining bacterial biomass disintegration Sonication of bacterial biomass Activated sludge biomass Pure bacterial cultures: M. parvicella and P. aeruginosa Anaerobic digestion processes: Full-scale application Enhancing anaerobic digestion: The Bamberg wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Power ultrasound systems for biogas plants The Bordesholmerland biogas plant Aerobic biological processes: Full-scale application Nitrogen removal The Bünde WWTP Combating filamentous bacteria and bulking sludge: The Seevetal WWTP Development and design of a full-scale ultrasound reactor An emerging technology: Ballast water treatment Sources of further information and advice References Further reading Chapter-37---The-use-of-power-ultrasound-for-green-organic-syn_2023_Power-Ul_clean The use of power ultrasound for green organic synthesis: Sonochemical organic reactions in aqueous media Introduction Suzuki coupling reactions Michael addition Knoevenagel condensation Diels-Alder cycloaddition Aza-Michael reaction Hantzsch condensation or cyclization Huisgen cycloaddition Ugi-azide reaction and Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction Conclusions and future trends References Chapter-38---Ultrasonic-agglomeration-and-preconditioning-of-a_2023_Power-Ul_clean Ultrasonic agglomeration and preconditioning of aerosol particles for environmental and other applications Introduction The development of practical applications of aerosol agglomeration Linear acoustic effects that determine the agglomeration process Nonlinear acoustic effects Radiation pressure and mutual radiation pressure Acoustic wake (AW) Acoustic streaming and turbulence Motion of aerosol particles in an acoustic field: Vibration Translational motion of aerosol particles Translational motion due to radiation force Translational motion due to other effects Interactions between aerosol particles: Orthokinetic effect (OE) Hydrodynamic mechanisms of particle interaction Mutual radiation pressure effect (MRPE) Acoustic wake effect (AWE) Modeling of acoustic agglomeration of aerosol particles Aerosol dynamics equation Acoustic agglomeration kernels and numerical models Experimental systems for acoustic agglomeration of aerosol particles System for the removal of fine aerosol particles Pilot-scale acoustic preconditioning systems for coal combustion fumes Further experimental studies on the effect of liquid droplets and other additives to improve acoustic agglomeration Ultrasonic agglomerator system for term mitigation in severe accidents in a nuclear power plant Conclusions and future trends References Chapter-39---The-use-of-power-ultrasound-in-biofuel-producti_2023_Power-Ultr_clean The use of power ultrasound in biofuel production, bioremediation, and other applications Introduction The chemical effects of ultrasound The molecular effects of ultrasound Physical changes Chemical changes Stress-induced changes Sonochemical reactors Biofuel production Ultrasound-assisted bioremediation Enzymes Effect of ultrasound on enzymes Enzymes as biocatalysts in bioremediation Biosensors Biosludge processing Conclusions and future trends References Further reading Index_2023_Power-Ultrasonics_clean Index