Social and Economic Impact of Earth Sciences

Description

This book collects research papers on the economic and social impact of earth sciences. It covers topics related to weather forecasting, climate modelling, monsoon variability, air pollution, heat and cold wave, deep sea mineral and living resources, ocean state monitoring, tsunami and earthquake monitoring, desalination, coastal research, etc. The book focuses on the activities of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, India, in promoting the societal and economic impacts of earth science research in a simple language and in the form of stories and case studies, so that people with basic science degree can understand them.   Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Contents About the Editors Short to Medium Range Weather Forewarning System in India 1 Introduction 2 Weather Forecasting and Warning Services of IMD 2.1 Monitoring Process 2.2 Forecasting System 2.3 Decision-Making Process 2.4 Warning System of IMD 2.5 Forecast Accuracy 3 Achievements in Recent years 4 Socio-Economic Benefit 4.1 Agriculture Sector 4.2 Disaster Management Sector 4.3 Power Sector 5 Gap Areas 6 Conclusions and Future Plans References Operational Seasonal Forecasting of the Southwest Monsoon Rainfall 1 Introduction 2 Brief History of Operational Seasonal Forecasting in India 3 The Present Operational Seasonal Forecasting System Based on Statistical Models 4 Improvement in the IMD’s Operational Seasonal Forecasting System for the All Indian Summer Monsoon Season Rainfall 5 Monsoon Mission Experimental Coupled Dynamical Model Forecasting System 6 Conclusions References Severe Weather Events Over the Indian Region: Insights from Ensemble Prediction System 1 Introduction 2 Model and Data 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Monsoon Variability and Change 1 Introduction 2 Data and Methodology 3 The Inter-Annual and Intra-Seasonal Variability 3.1 The Annual Cycle 3.2 Interannual Variability 3.3 Regional and Seasonal Changes in Summer Monsoon and Trends 3.4 Intra-Seasonal Variability 4 Projected Changes in Mean Monsoon 5 Socio-Economic Impacts of Changing Climate on India 6 Summary References Use of Remote Sensing in Weather and Climate Forecasts 1 Introduction 2 INSAT3DR RAPID SCAN Mode 3 INSAT 3D/3DR RGBs and Its Utilization 4 Identification of Snow/Fog/Clouds and Dust 5 Convective System Identification from RGBs 6 Super Cyclonic Storm “AMPHAN” Over Southeast Bay of Bengal (May 16, 2022–May 21, 2020) 7 INSAT3D/3DR Sounder Derived TPW 8 A Case Study with Validation of TPW 9 Summary and Future Scope for Climate and Weather Prediction Using Remote Sensing References Forecasting of Severe Weather Events Over India 1 Introduction 2 Heavy Rainfall Events 3 Tropical Cyclones in the North Indian Ocean 3.1 Forecasting Tropical Cyclones at NCMRWF 3.2 Forecast Track Errors 3.3 Forecasting Landfall 3.4 Four-Stage Warning Strategy of India Meteorological Department 3.5 Tropical Cyclone Monitoring/Warning Using Satellites 3.6 Use of RADARS for Monitoring and Warning Tropical Cyclones 4 Thunderstorms and Hailstorms 4.1 Forecasting Thunderstorm 4.2 Forecasting Lightning 5 Heat/Cold Waves 5.1 Heat Waves 5.2 Heat Action Plan (HAP) 5.3 Criteria for Cold Wave 6 Fog/Visibility 7 Conclusions References Weather and Climate Modeling 1 Introduction to Numerical Weather Prediction 2 Unified Modeling Strategy 3 Introduction to Climate Modeling 4 Climate Modeling Strategy 5 Challenges for Climate Models References Operational Extended Range Forecast of Weather and Climate over India and the Applications 1 Introduction 2 Sub-seasonal Variability and Its Predictability 3 The Current Strategy for Dynamical Extended Range Prediction 4 Skill of Extended Range Forecast (ERF) 5 Operational Extended Range Forecast (ERF) System of IMD 5.1 Background of ERF System of IMD 5.2 Current Operational ERF System of IMD Since 2017 6 Some Typical Cases of ERF of Monsoon 2019 7 Application of ERF for Agro-advisory Services and Hence Economy of the Country 7.1 Extended Range Forecast for Disaster Management 7.2 Extended Range Forecast for Application in Health Sector 7.3 Extended Range Forecast for Hydrological Application 7.4 Extended Range Forecast for Energy Sector 7.5 Extended Range Forecast for Agricultural Sector 8 Summary References Frequency and Magnitude of Heat and Cold Waves over India 1 Introduction 2 Definition of HW and CW 3 Data and Methodology 4 Heat Wave (HW)/Severe Heat Wave SHW Days 4.1 Climatology 4.2 HW Days and ENSO 4.3 Trends in the Station-Wise Seasonal HW Days 5 Cold Wave (CW)/Severe Cold Wave SCW Days 5.1 Climatology 5.2 CW Days and ENSO 5.3 Trends in the Station-Wise Seasonal CW/SCW Days 6 Human Mortality Associated with the Extreme Temperature Events 7 Conclusions References Economic Impacts of Air Pollution and Fog in India and Prediction Efforts 1 Introduction 2 Health Impact of Air Pollution 3 Impact of Air Pollution on Agriculture 4 Economic Impact of Air Pollution References Advances in Ocean State Forecasting and Marine Fishery Advisory Services for the Indian Ocean Region 1 Introduction 2 Ocean State Forecast (OSF) System 3 Category of Ocean Services 4 Verification and Reliability of Services 5 Early Warning Services 5.1 High Wave Warning 5.2 INCOIS-IMD Joint Bulletin During Tropical Cyclones 5.3 Swell Surge (Kallakkadal) Warning 5.4 Kondal Kattu Alert 5.5 Perigean Spring Tide Alerts 5.6 Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System 6 Customised Products 6.1 Search And Rescue Aid Tool (SARAT) 6.2 Online Oil Spill Advisory (OOSA) 6.3 Services for Ports and Shipping Sector 7 Marine Fishery Advisory Services (MFAS) 7.1 Species Specific PFZ Advisories for Yellowfin Tuna 7.2 PFZ Validation 8 The Dissemination of Service products 9 The Users and Feedback 10 Future Plans References Satellite-Based Marine Ecological Services for the Indian Ocean Region 1 Introduction 2 Algal Blooms and Their Harmful Effects 3 Algal Bloom Detection and Monitoring Service 4 Algal Bloom Monitoring Hotspots 5 Operational Algal Bloom Information Service Generation 6 ABIS: Future Scope and Directions 7 Jellyfish Swarming and Their Harmful Effects 8 Conceptual Framework for Detection and Monitoring of Jellyfish Swarming 9 JAAS: Future Scope and Directions 10 Coral Bleaching and Their Harmful Effects 11 Coral Bleaching Detection and Monitoring 12 Coral Bleaching Alert System 13 CBAS: Future Scope and Directions 14 Conclusion References Augmentation of Water—Can Oceans Help? 1 Introduction 2 Water Stress 3 Desalination Methods 3.1 Thermal Technologies 3.2 Membrane Methods 3.3 Electrodialysis (ED) 3.4 Membrane Distillation (MD) 4 Demerits and Impacts of Membrane Desalination Systems 5 Ocean-Based Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) 6 Desalination Plants and Energy 7 The Socio-Economic Angle 8 Conclusions References Emerging Blue Economy Paradigm and Technological Developments in India 1 Introduction 2 Emerging Blue Economy Paradigm 3 Exploitation of Non-living Resources 3.1 Sea Bed Mineral Mining 3.2 Offshore Hydrocarbons 3.3 Offshore Renewable Energy 3.4 Ocean Desalination 4 Harvesting of Living Resources 4.1 Seafood-Fisheries and Aquaculture 4.2 Marine Biotechnology-Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals 5 Ocean Commerce 5.1 Trade, Transport and Tourism 6 Response to Ocean Health Challenges 6.1 Ocean Hazard and Health Monitoring 6.2 Protection of Coast and Its Ecosystems 6.3 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration References Coastal Research—Beach Restoration and Protection 1 Introduction 1.1 The Indian Scenario 2 Coastal Protection Techniques 3 Case Studies 3.1 Site Description 3.2 Concept Evolution 3.3 Environmental Conditions 3.4 Numerical Modelling 3.5 Construction Methodology 3.6 Evaluation of Project Post Implementation 4 Conclusions References Developing Ocean Technology 1 Background 2 Resources in Oceans Around India and Challenges in Their Utilization 3 Ships and Other Platforms 4 Underwater Vehicles 5 Harnessing of Resources 5.1 Renewable Energy and Fresh Water 5.2 Minerals 5.3 Challenges 5.4 Living Resources 6 Ocean Observation and Hazard Mitigation 7 Ocean Acoustics and Systems Development 8 Conclusion References Deep-Sea Mineral Resources and the Indian Perspective 1 Introduction 2 History of Seabed Mineral Exploration 3 India and the International Seabed Authority 4 Polymetallic Nodules (PMN) 4.1 Global Occurrence 4.2 Indian Endeavor 4.3 Exploitation and Mining 5 Hydrothermal Sulfides 5.1 Global Distribution 5.2 Indian Endeavor 6 Cobalt-Rich Crusts 6.1 Global Distribution 6.2 Indian Endeavor 7 Environmental and Ecological Concerns 8 Exploitation and Mining 9 Discussion and Conclusion References Tsunami Early Warning Services 1 Introduction 2 Components of Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS) Observation Networks 3 Numerical Modelling and Quantitative Forecasting of Tsunamis 4 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and Decision Support System (DSS) 5 Geospatial Applications: Coastal Vulnerability and Hazard Assessment 6 Challenges and New Initiatives 7 Tsunami Capacity Building for Community Awareness and Preparedness 8 Economic and Social Impact of Tsunami Early Warning Services 9 Conclusions References Landslide Hazard and Monitoring 1 General Introduction 2 Relating Weather Patterns to an Increased Likelihood of Landslide Occurrences 3 Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Occurrences 4 Meteorological Forecast Data Used for Early Warning References Seismic Microzonation of Indian Cities and Strategy for Safer Design of Structures 1 Introduction 2 Seismic Microzonation and Risk Resiliency of Infrastructure 3 Seismic Macrozonation vis-à-vis Seismic Microzonation 4 Paradigm Shift in Disaster Risk Assessment 5 Seismic Microzonation of Indian Cities 5.1 Seismic Microzonation of Delhi-NCR 5.2 Seismic Microzonation of Bengaluru 5.3 Seismic Microzonation of Guwahati 5.4 Seismic Microzonation of Sikkim 5.5 Seismic Microzonation of the City of Jabalpur 5.6 Seismic Microzonation of the City of Kolkata 6 Seismic Microzonation: A Way Forward 7 Conclusions References Earthquake Monitoring in India by National Center for Seismology, India 1 Introduction 2 Earthquake Monitoring in India 3 Other Significant Activities of NCS in the Past years 3.1 Shaking in Delhi During the October 26, 2015, Hindukush Earthquake 3.2 Seismological Investigations on the 2016 Mw 6.7 Tamenglong (Manipur) Earthquake 3.3 Seismological Investigations of the 2017 Mw 5.6 Manu, Tripura Earthquake 3.4 Palghar Earthquake Swarm Modulated by Rainfall 3.5 Hydroseismicity in the Amravati District, Maharashtra, Central India 3.6 Low-Magnitude Earthquakes in and Around Delhi Region in 2020 4 Conclusions References