Engineering Drawing for PTU (Subject Code: ME-102)

Description

Cover About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Abbreviations, Symbols and Notations Abbreviations Symbols and Notations Preface Roadmap to the Syllabus Chapter 1: Basics of Engineering Drawing 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Drawing Instruments 1.2.1 Drawing Board 1.2.2 Minidrafter 1.2.3 Precision Instrument Box 1.2.4 Set Squares 1.2.5 Engineers’ Scales 1.2.6 Protractor 1.2.7 Irregular or French Curves 1.2.8 Spring Clips 1.2.9 Drawing Papers 1.2.10 Pencils 1.2.11 Erasers 1.2.12 Erasing Shields 1.2.13 Templates 1.2.14 Dusters 1.2.15 Flexible Curves 1.2.16 Tracing Paper 1.2.17 T-Square 1.3 Title Block Review Questions Chapter 2: Symbolic Lines and Lettering 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Symbolic Lines 2.3 Lettering 2.4 General Rules for Lettering Exercises Chapter 3: Scales 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Representative Fraction 3.3 Construction of Scales 3.4 Types of Scales 3.4.1 Plain Scales 3.4.2 Diagonal Scales 3.4.3 Vernier Scales 3.4.4 Comparative Scales 3.4.5 Scale of Chords Exercises Chapter 4: Projections of Points and Lines 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Orthographic Projections 4.3 First-angle Projections 4.4 Second-, Third- and Fourth-angle Projections 4.5 Projections of Lines 4.6 Angles Between Lines and Reference Planes 4.7 Projections of Lines Parallel to One and Inclined to the Other Reference Plane 4.8 Projections of Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes 4.9 Problems Related to Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes 4.9.1 To Find the True Length of a Line 4.9.2 To Find the Angle of Inclination 4.10 Traces of a Line 4.11 Procedure for Locating the HT and the VT 4.12 Procedure when the HT and/or the VT is Given 4.13 Side Views 4.14 Shortest Distance Between a Given Line AB and Ground Line XY Exercises Chapter 5: Projections on Auxiliary Reference Planes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Auxiliary Plane Method 5.2.1 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP) 5.2.2 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP) 5.3 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Front View (AFV) 5.4 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Top View (ATV) Exercises Chapter 6: Projections of Planes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Positions of Planes 6.2.1 Planes Parallel to the VP 6.2.2 Planes Parallel to the HP 6.2.3 Planes Perpendicular to the VP and Inclined to the HP 6.2.4 Planes Perpendicular to the HP and Inclined to the VP 6.2.5 Planes Inclined to Both the Reference Planes 6.2.6 Trace of a Plane 6.3 Positions When the Shape and Size in the Front View and/or Top View are Given Exercises Two Step Problems Three Step Problems Chapter 7: Projections of Solids 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Solids 7.2.1 Prisms and Pyramids 7.2.2 Cylinders and Cones 7.2.3 Frustums 7.3 Orthographic Projections of Solids 7.3.1 Projections of Solids with the Axis Perpendicular to One of the Reference Planes and Parallel to the Other Two 7.3.2 Projections of Solids with the Axis Parallel to One of the Reference Planes and Inclined to the Other 7.4 Additional Points for Two-step Problems 7.4.1 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the VP and Inclined at θ to the HP 7.4.2 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the HP and Inclined at φ to the VP 7.5 Deciding the Position of the Axis 7.6 Visibility of Surfaces 7.7 Projections of Solids with the Axis Inclined to Both the HP and the VP 7.8 Projections of Spheres 7.9 Projections of Oblique Solids Exercises Chapter 8: Multiview Orthographic Projections 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Multiview Orthographic Projections 8.3 Objects Bounded by Plane Surfaces 8.4 Reading an Isometric or Oblique Parallel Projection 8.4.1 Rules for Reading the Position of Each Line or Surface of an Object in a Pictorial View 8.4.2 Misleading Conditions in Pictorial Views Exercises Chapter 9: Auxiliary Views 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Front Auxiliary View 9.3 The Top Auxiliary View or Auxiliary Elevation 9.4 The Side Auxiliary View 9.5 Partial Views 9.6 Drawing the Apparent Shapes of Surfaces Exercises Chapter 10: Sections of Solids 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Cutting Planes 10.3 Sections and Sectional Views 10.4 Drawing Sectional Views 10.5 Locating the CP Position When the True Shape of a Section is Known 10.5.1 Hints to Remember 10.5.2 The Procedure for Locating the Cutting Plane Exercises Chapter 11: Sectional Views 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Projections of Sectional Views 11.3 Hatching Lines 11.4 Drawing Sectional Views of Machine Parts 11.5 Types of Sectional Views 11.5.1 Full-sectional View 11.5.2 Half-sectional View 11.5.3 Offset Sections 11.5.4 Revolved Sections 11.5.5 Removed Sections 11.5.6 Partial Section or Broken Section Exercises Chapter 12: Isometric Projections 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Types of Pictorial Projections 12.3 Isometric Projections 12.3.1 The Isometric Scale 12.3.2 Drawing Isometric Projections of Solid Objects 12.3.3 Procedure for Drawing Isometric Projections of an Object 12.3.4 The Isometric Projection of a Sphere Chapter 13: Dimensioning and Free-Hand Sketching 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Dimensioning 13.2.1 Dimension Lines 13.2.2 Extension or Projection Lines 13.2.3 Leaders 13.3 Dimensioning Systems 13.4 Dimensioning Principles 13.5 Dimensioning Pictorial Views 13.6 Free-Hand Sketching 13.6.1 Materials Required for Sketching 13.6.2 Sketching Straight Lines 13.6.3 Sketching Circles 13.6.4 Sketching Multiview Orthographic Projections Exercises Chapter 14: Reading Orthographic Projections 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reading Orthographic Projections 14.3 Reading Orthographic Projections by Visualizing the Bounding Surfaces 14.4 Recognizing the Projections of the Same Plane Surface 14.4.1 Missing Views and Lines in Orthographic Projections Exercises Chapter 15: Development of Surfaces 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Understanding the Development of Surfaces 15.3 Methods for Development 15.4 Methods for Development of Cut Surfaces 15.4.1 The Line Method 15.4.2 The Cutting Plane Method Exercises Chapter 16: Intersection of Surfaces 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Determination of the Curve of Intersection 16.3 The Line Method 16.4 Procedure for the Line Method 16.5 Deciding the Visibility of the Curve of Intersection 16.5.1 Determining Cut-off Portions of Lines on the Penetrated Solid 16.5.2 Visibility When the Solid Has a Hole 16.6 The Cutting Plane Method Exercises Chapter 17: Oblique Parallel Projections and Perspective 0Projections 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Oblique Parallel Projections 17.3 The Oblique Parallel Projections of a Cube 17.4 Perspective Projections 17.4.1 Terminology 17.4.2 Theory of Perspective Projections 17.4.3 The Visual Ray Method 17.4.4 The Vanishing Point Method 17.4.5 Important Points About Perspective Projections Exercises Chapter 18: Computer-Aided Drafting 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Using AutoCAD 18.2.1 A Mouse 18.2.2 A Keyboard 18.3 AutoCAD Command Access 18.4 Menus and Toolbars 18.5 Toolbars 18.5.1 Opening a File 18.5.2 Saving a File 18.6 Execution of Commands 18.6.1 The Donut and Spline Commands 18.6.2 The Line Command 18.6.3 The Coordinate Systems Command 18.6.4 The Polygon Command 18.6.5 The Circle Command 18.6.6 The Arc Command 18.6.7 The Ellipse Command 18.6.8 The Hatch Command 18.6.9 The Zoom Command 18.6.10 The Regen Command 18.6.11 The UCS Command 18.6.12 The Units Command 18.6.13 Drawing Limits 18.6.14 The Grid Command 18.6.15 The Offset Command 18.6.16 The Change Command 18.6.17 The Chprop Command 18.6.18 The Erase Command 18.6.19 The Trim Command 18.6.20 The Array Command 18.6.21 The Mirror Command 18.6.22 The Copy Command 18.6.23 The Move Command 18.6.24 The Chamfer Command 18.6.25 The Fillet Command 18.6.26 The Pedit Command 18.6.27 The Dimension Command 18.6.28 The Extend Command 18.6.29 The Lengthen Command 18.6.30 The Rotate, Extrude and Revolve Commands 18.7 Three-Dimensional Modelling 18.7.1 The Wire Frame Model 18.7.2 The Surface Model 18.7.3 The Solid Model Exercises Short-Answer Questions Solved Question Papers Solutions Index