Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals

Description

Page 1 Titles REVIEWS in MINERALOGY Volume 31 Editors: Arthur F. White u.s. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA Susan L. Brantley Pennsylvania State University Mineralogical Society of America Page 1 Page 1 Titles iii Page 1 Titles Chemical Weathering Rates of ................................................................. iii v Page 2 Titles vi Page 3 Page 4 Titles viii Page 5 Titles ix Page 6 Titles x Page 7 Titles xi Page 8 Titles xii Page 9 Titles H. Sverdrup and P. Warfvinge USING LABORATORY KINETICS Page 10 Titles xiv Page 11 Titles xv Page 12 Page 1 Titles Chapter 1 CHEMICAL WEATHERING RATES OF SILICATE MINERALS: AN OVERVIEW Art F. White Susan L. Brantley Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Tables Table 1 Page 5 Tables Table 1 Page 6 Titles £>.0 .• Slope = -0.5 ~···o • -. rfir ~. o. T t z Tables Table 1 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Tables Table 1 Page 20 Page 21 Titles White & Brantley: Overview of Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicates 21 weathering currently underway will serve to push our understanding forward in the next REFERENCES Page 22 Titles 22 White & Brantley: Overview of Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicates Page 1 Titles Chapter 2 FUNDAMENTAL APPROACHES IN DESCRIBING MINERAL Antonio C. Lasaga Page 2 Titles (1) Page 3 Titles (2) (3) (4) Page 4 Titles 26 Lasaga: Approaches to Describing Dissolution/Precipitation Rates 4 ADATOM 2 3 .... ~- ... - .. --.- .... -~-.- o o 80 Page 5 Page 6 Titles (5) (6) ~Nif> (7) (8) Page 7 Titles (10) (ll) R"et = R+ - R_ = 0 (12) (13) (15) (16) Page 8 Titles k~ c~q Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 9 Page 10 Titles r II2 f(b.Gr) f(b.Gr) Page 11 Titles (32) (33) Page 12 Titles 34 Lasaga: Approaches to Describing Dissolution/Precipitation Rates h x (35) k _ BulkRate flow v = ~ (- 'ilP + pg) R t - k A -Ea/RT nH+ II ni f(AG) a e - 0 min e a H+ ai Ll r (37) Page 13 Titles _ 8lnRate _ Eapp _ Ea _ n 8InXH+,ads _ '\' n. 8lnXi,ads _ 8ln f(b.Gr) 8(1/T) - R - R H+,ads 8(1/T) L: i.ads 8(1/T) 8(1/T) Page 14 Titles pH DEPENDENCE Tables Table 1 Page 15 Titles IONIC STRENGTH AND SOLUTION COMPOSITION Page 16 Titles ,- Ii: Page 17 Titles :r: \ o \ 1'\ 12 ~ .. \ '2.,~ \ Tables Table 1 Page 18 Titles , I· DE 30CJ0.tIOO , Tables Table 1 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Titles Lasaga: Approaches to Describing Dissolution/Precipitation Rates 43 RHF/STO-36 n-Alkanes • Carbons RHF/6-31I ++6** n-Alkanes b Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 22 Page 23 Titles Lasaga: Approaches to Describing DissolutioniPrecipitation Rates 45 H If Si AI 0- H stretching out-of-plane H in-plane ~ I ~ O-H bending /0"", Si AI Tables Table 1 Page 24 Titles 46 Lasaga: Approaches to Describing Dissolution/Precipitation Rates Page 25 Page 26 Titles Table 4. SCF optimized structural parameters computed for different models. Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 27 Titles H 0 10.965 ~ H "J ~JJ)~ V /674 o 50 0 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Titles Lasaga: Approaches to Describing Dissolution/Precipitation Rates 53 a Kaolinite cluster SVWN/3-21G* Page 32 REV031C002_p55-86.pdf Page 1 Titles Lasaga: Approaches to Describing Dissolution/Precipitation Rates 55 ~/"" l' ~ ~ b Table 5. Hydrolysis of feldspar. Page 2 Page 3 Titles ? G '-'.643 H g~ ~ Page 4 Titles 58 Lasaga: Approaches to Describing Dissolution/Precipitation Rates II IV .,. C?l-3 " -, Q'~ \\ til :S/ 2: \ I c-;: , Page 5 Titles H-if' , ~~® r " Mgj'[( i.,],,' -lr 221 Page 20 Titles '" mo Tables Table 1 Page 21 Page 22 Tables Table 1 Page 23 Titles Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates 225 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Page 24 Titles 226 Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates Page 25 Titles Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates 227 Page 26 Titles 228 Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates Page 27 Titles Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates 229 Page 28 Titles 230 Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates Page 29 Titles Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates 231 Page 30 Titles 232 Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates Page 31 Titles Nagy: Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates 233 Page 32 Page 1 Titles Chapter 6 KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC CONTROLS ON SILICA P. M. Dove Page 2 Titles 236 ~ .... ~ Page 3 Page 4 Tables Table 1 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Titles Si02(S) + n H20 = Si02·nH20(aq) (3) (4) Page 9 Titles (6) Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 10 Titles (7) Tables Table 1 Page 11 Titles o I r: I ~~ :x:(\; ::cOO E .s! o Page 12 Tables Table 1 Page 13 Titles In (:0) =] -- Page 14 Titles 248 Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments Particle Radius, µm E Tables Table 1 Page 15 Page 16 Titles j::r A 1 0" ooU~ \,.1 j ': ',,' i /' '" i • J \ ' 1,," ,"00 U Page 17 Titles b Tables Table 1 Page 18 Tables Table 1 Page 19 Tables Table 1 Page 20 Page 21 Titles a b c °1 jF ..-;-;; 1 Page 22 Titles 256 Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments 1"," ·1" -1rr Tables Table 1 Page 23 Titles K = k ; Ik. Page 24 Titles a 4~--------------------~ • • • ' .. .... •• • • ' .. --- c '" r~ "'. Tables Table 1 Page 25 Titles k~ =(~ )r~S)(exp t.~ +)(exp -~;e) r = k; (a sio2)(a H20f . k - XH20 Nt, ads (kT) ('Yads) ( t.S +) ( -u« +) + - - - exp- exp-- Page 26 Titles (40) Reaction Coordinate (-!lG*) Page 27 Titles '0 lii It Tables Table 1 Page 28 REV031C006_p263-290.pdf Page 1 Page 2 Titles , Temperature dependence in deionized water. The dissolution and Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Titles Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments 267 a b b "" '" a Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 6 Titles ~ e -- Page 7 Titles '" -3"'_ Page 8 Tables Table 1 Page 9 Titles g '" =-_--------- 925 o~------~--------~------~~ Page 10 Page 11 Titles a60 " '. " Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Titles 1O-3RT 1O-3RT tot Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Tables Table 1 Page 18 Page 19 Titles rsi.o = 10-3 95T exp (_I~-;.82) exp (10-4.57 KA (e;r-o)l ... " ] " Tables Table 1 Page 20 Page 21 Titles Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments 283 Page 22 Titles 284 Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments Page 23 Titles Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments 285 Page 24 Titles 286 Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments Page 25 Titles Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments 287 Page 26 Titles 288 Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments Page 27 Titles Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments 289 Page 28 Titles 290 Dove: Controls on Silica Reactivity in Weathering Environments Page 1 Titles Chapter 7 FELDSPAR DISSOLUTION KINETICS Alex E. Blum Page 2 Titles 292 Page 3 Page 4 Titles 294 Page 5 Titles =SO-Na ~ =SO- + Na' =SO-Na + F ~ =SO-H + Na' Page 6 Titles 296 =S-O+H+ ( fast) =S-OH , K2= (8) =S-OH+Mn+ ~=S-OM(n-l)++H Page 7 Titles 297 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 8 Titles 298 pH Tables Table 1 Page 9 Titles 299 rate = k.[H,:r Page 10 Titles 300 Page 11 Titles 301 • c;v • T , X ~:::;:~~.) (1991) T 1 Z Tables Table 1 Page 12 Titles 302 Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics (a) pH 2 ",'" ) __ -1-----"''''''' ----- ---- E u J!1 o ~ , o (b) pH 3 (c) pH 5 • Ci: ,b o ' ~ ._----.-----1~-------- .. - E .... ~----.~ .. - 'u [~~~~~~==~==~--~--~--~~~-=~ o Page 13 Page 14 Titles 304 Rapid initial dissolution rates Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Titles 307 pH , , ~r ~ ~ ~ , ~ '" ~ ~ 2 ..s Page 18 Titles 308 Effects of aluminum concentration and saturation state Page 19 Titles a Albite .- - - -- .... \ 5 3rr------------------------, OL---~----~----~------~~ Page 20 Titles 310 Page 21 Titles 311 Page 22 Titles 312 b a l~ I I~~ {M+) {M+) (M+) ~-5 :g~ .~ - .~ {M+) d - e -NaCI rates Page 23 Titles 313 k+ =AeliT (14) Tables Table 1 Page 24 Titles 314 -E + RT Page 25 Tables Table 1 Page 26 Titles 316 Page 27 Titles Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics 317 1 IT (K) X 1000 • • • 1 IT (K) x 1000 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Page 28 Titles 318 Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics 0.0 r---t------+---__:_j::__:~ 1 IT (K) X 1000 ~ E Tables Table 1 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Titles 321 o Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 32 Titles 322 a • • • + • + b REV031C007_p323-352.pdf Page 1 Titles 323 Page 2 Titles 324 Page 3 Titles 325 Page 4 Titles 326 Page 5 Titles 327 Page 6 Titles 328 D· I . k 1.U D· I . k 1.U (pH:5: 6) Page 7 Page 8 Titles 330 Page 9 Titles 331 Page 10 Titles 332 dµ/kT Page 11 Titles 333 Page 12 Titles 334 Page 13 Titles Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics 335 Page 14 Titles 336 Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics Page 15 Titles Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics 337 Page 16 Titles 338 Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics Page 17 Titles Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics 339 Page 18 Titles 340 Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics Page 19 Titles Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics 341 Page 20 Titles 342 Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics Page 21 Titles Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics 343 Dissolution studies of feldspar minerals in the presence of organic acid solutions. Acids are Tables Table 1 Page 22 Tables Table 1 Page 23 Tables Table 1 Page 24 Tables Table 1 Page 25 Tables Table 1 Page 26 Tables Table 1 Page 27 Tables Table 1 Page 28 Tables Table 1 Page 29 Titles Blum & Stillings: Feldspar Dissolution Kinetics 351 Tables Table 1 Page 30 Page 1 Titles Chapter 8 CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF SILICATES IN NA TURE: A MICROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE M.F. Hochella, Jr. J.F. Banfield Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Tables Table 1 Page 7 Titles 1 ~ Tables Table 1 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Titles a Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Titles SOOnm A Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 REV031C008_p381-406.pdf Page 1 Page 2 Titles 382 Hochella & Banfield: Microscopic Perspective of Silicate Weathering Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Titles \, Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Titles a b Page 10 Titles (9) Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Titles f3cqT Page 14 Page 15 Tables Table 1 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Titles Hochella & Banfield: Microscopic Perspective of Silicate Weathering 401 Page 22 Titles 402 Hochella & Banfield: Microscopic Perspective of Silicate Weathering Page 23 Titles Hochella & Banfield: Microscopic Perspective of Silicate Weathering 403 Page 24 Titles 404 Hochella & Banfield: Microscopic Perspective of Silicate Weathering Page 25 Titles Hochella & Banfield: Microscopic Perspective of Silicate Weathering 405 Page 26 Titles 406 Hochella & Banfield: Microscooic Perspective of Silicate Weathering Page 1 Titles Chapter 9 CHEMICAL WEATHERING RATES OF SILICATE Art F. White INTRODUCTION (1) Page 2 Titles 408 White: Chemical Weather Rates of Silicate Minerals in Soils Table 1. Summary of parameters referred to in text'. Symbol Definition Units ~ MV'j.w Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Titles C (c 1 v ~ Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Titles • 6.01 I • • • f • c 0.0 .----- ~~ :~{ o( ~ III ff o(_ 'Z17\~- v - Fe 1 r /0 ··-.-Mg ,,0 o . A t b /) 0 Co q} I} l-LUL -1.0 3.0 1.0 o • • ~ • ~ • ~ • A . 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 p/pw E - .s 4.0 o Page 9 Page 10 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 11 Tables Table 1 Page 12 Page 13 Tables Table 1 Page 14 Titles S =-A. Page 15 Titles 421 o Tahoe Soil e « 6 '" Iii 2 o Merced Soils Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 16 Page 17 Titles 423 White: Chemical Weather Rates of Silicate Minerals in Soils Log Age (kA) Log Age (kA) 'C/._ ::&. fl·---4_. __ .l;, 0 'E E- rn ..3 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 18 Titles B A Page 19 Titles 425 Page 20 Page 21 Titles White: Chemical Weather Rates of Silicate Minerals in Soils 427 S* , 0.69 0.32 .1..* 36 310 90 21 42 200 250 600 3000 A-A x Page 22 Titles 428 Tables Table 1 Page 23 Titles Coupling mineral surface area and dissolution rates pet