X-Ray Spectroscopy for Chemical State Analysis

Description

This book focuses on X-ray spectroscopy for chemical state analysis covering X-ray physics, spectroscopic characteristics used for functional and toxic materials, and the author's ideas related to X-ray experiments. This book also provides novel theoretical interpretations of X-ray spectra along with experimental techniques needed for both synchrotron radiation users and laboratory experimentalists. Presenting not only practical information, this book also covers basic knowledge of commercially available spectrometers and the basic physics of optics and electromagnetism related to X-rays. Furthermore, the author introduces the forgotten history of X-ray physics in the beginning of twentieth century. This book is of use for researchers studying catalysts, charge-transfer materials, surface characterization, and toxic trace elements via X-ray spectroscopy for chemical state analysis as well as quantitative analysis. Preface Contents 1 Particle and Wave Duality of X-Rays 1.1 Bragg Diffraction of X-Rays Derived from the Bohr-Sommerfeld Quantization Rule 1.2 Units of X-Ray Wavelength 1.3 Wave Theory of Bragg Diffraction 1.4 Phasor for X-Ray Diffraction 1.5 Compton Scattering as a Double Doppler Shift 1.6 Compton Scattering Interpreted from Particle Picture 1.7 X-Ray Linear Polarization from an Electric Dipole Moment 1.8 Barkla’s Experiments on X-Ray Polarization 1.9 Refractive Index—Phase and Group Velocities of an Electron 1.10 Brewster's Angle References 2 Profile Change of X-Ray Spectra 2.1 Kβ5 2.2 Electric Quadrupole Antenna 2.3 Pre-edge in K-XANES 2.4 Toxicity of Chromium and the Pre-edge 2.5 Historical Review of Kβ5 2.6 Stigler’s Law of Eponymy 2.7 Nomenclature of X-Ray Emission Lines of Diagram Lines 2.8 X-Ray Emission or X-Ray Fluorescence 2.9 K and L Edges 2.10 Satellites 2.11 Urch-Manne Method 2.12 Calculation of SO42− S Kβ Spectra 2.13 Local Structure and Group Theory 2.14 History of the Xα Method 2.15 The DV-Xα Method 2.16 ∆SCF or the Slater’s Transition State Method? 2.17 Calculation of Carbon Kα Spectra 2.18 Electronic Structure Information Known Only from the Comparison of Measured Data References 3 Chemical Effects of Multiply Ionized Satellites 3.1 Shake-up and Shake-off Satellites in XPS 3.2 Charge-Transfer Satellites of XPS 3.3 Asada Theory of XPS Satellite 3.4 Shake-off and Coster-Kronig 3.5 Linewidth Satellite 3.6 Urch-Benka-Hartmann Theory for F Kα 3.7 Kα Line Shape of Transition-Metal Compounds 3.8 Radiative Auger Effect and X-Ray Raman 3.9 Plasmon Satellites 3.10 Summary of Chapters 2 and  3 References 4 Pyroelectric X-Ray Emission 4.1 Principle 4.2 A Personal Experience of Charge-Up X-Ray Emission 4.3 Quantitative Elemental Analysis by Pyroelectric X-Ray Generator 4.4 Extended Applications of Pyroelectric Crystal and Concluding Remarks References 5 Small-Size and Low-Power X-Ray Instruments 5.1 3D Printer 5.2 TXRF (Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence) Spectrometer 5.3 X-Ray Reflectometer 5.4 Polarization X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer References 6 Synchrotron Radiation Experiments 6.1 Total Reflection X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (TRXPS) 6.2 Total Electron Yield (TEY) XAFS for Powder Analysis 6.3 Simultaneous Measurement of SR-XRF and SEM-EDX 6.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction (XPED) and X-Ray Fluorescence Holography (XFH) References 7 Quantitative Analysis Using XRF and SEM 7.1 Black-Body Radiation 7.2 Energy-θ Conversion 7.3 Crystal Reflectivity and Spectrometer Window 7.4 Precision and Sample Amount 7.5 Precision of Synchrotron Radiation XRF 7.6 Detection Limit of Selective Excitation for SR-XRF 7.7 High Resolution X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers 7.8 EPMA and SEM–EDX 7.9 Artificial Peaks in X-Ray Spectra References 8 Conclusions 8.1 Keeping Distance from the Synchrotron Radiation 8.2 Still We Have Many Open Problems References