Gut Microbiota in Aging and Chronic Diseases

Description

This edited volume studies gut microbiota peculiarities in elderly, in senescence-related  and environmental-related alterations of gut microbiota in chronic diseases. Aging, as a physiological process mediated through several regulatory pathways and transcription factors, is generally speaking associated to a relentless functional decline and increasing risk of chronic diseases. Growing data on gut microbiota quali-quantitative changes in aging gut, and the opportunity to study by advanced NGS and metabolomic technologies, now offers novel horizons to link such changes to disease risks and to theoretically the weapons for gut microbiota intervention as an effective therapeutic tool. Chapters are divided into clear sections, starting with the aging perspective, then moving from chronic diseases to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The final parts focusses on interventions. Contributors are well-reputed and dedicated scientists in clinics and experimental medicine from 4 different continents who have provided their contribution keeping the polar star on aging as a guide while investigating their gut microbiota in occurrence and progression of disease together with proposed preventing, monitoring and therapeutic interventions. In the wide offer of books on gut microbiota,  this age-thematic volume will be a valuable source of updated information for a wide group of readership including gerontologists, geriatricians, medical specialists of several fields, PhDs, basic scientists and public/private research entities focused on potential intervention in and through  gut ecosystem. This book will stimulate a large number of basic scientists and clinicians to review their once organ (or cellular line)-specific knowledge and widen either their pathophysiological mechanisms understanding while providing novel ways to prevent, monitor and treat diseases from eyes to bones.       Preface Contents Part I The Gut Microbiota in Ageing 1 The Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites Contribute to Ageing and Ageing-Related Diseases Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Roles of Intestinal Barrier Integrity and the Gut Microbiota in Ageing 1.3 Roles of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Ageing 1.4 Roles of Tryptophan Metabolites in Ageing 1.5 Roles of Bile Acids in Ageing 1.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements Competing Interests References 2 Ageing and Human Gut Microbiome: The Taxonomic and Functional Transition Towards an Elderly-Type Microbiome Abstract 2.1 The Human Gut Microbiome 2.2 The Transition from an Adult-Type Gut Microbiome to an Elderly-Type Gut Microbiome 2.3 A Functional Perspective: Age-Associated Changes in Saccharolytic and Proteolytic Potential and an Increased Propensity for Xenobiotics Degradation 2.4 Age-Related Changes in the Human Gut Resistome 2.5 Christensenella-Enriched Elderly-Type Microbiome is Related to Different Quantities of Visceral Adipose Tissue and a Healthier Metabolic Profile 2.6 Conclusions References 3 Ageing of the Gut Microbiome and Its Potential Contribution Towards Immunesenescence and Inflammaging Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Age-Associated Compositional and Functional Changes in the Microbiome 3.3 Ageing and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction 3.4 Ageing and the Immune System and Inflammaging 3.5 Intestinal Microbiome: Shaping Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses in Homeostasis 3.6 Ageing Microbiome: A Potential Driver of Immunesenescence and Inflammaging 3.7 Taking Action: Microbiome-Based Interventions to Combat Immune Ageing 3.8 Conclusion Remarks References 4 Gut Microbiome and Virome: Anti-Aging Interventions Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Gut Microbiome, Virome and Aging 4.3 Gut Microbial Metabolism and Aging 4.4 Host Aging-Microbial Connection 4.5 Anti-Aging Effects of Gut Microbiome 4.6 Microbial Alleviation of Oxidative Stress 4.7 Gut Detoxification of Genotoxicants 4.8 Age-Related Cognitive Diseases 4.9 Viruses as Indispensable Components of Human Microbiome and Health 4.10 Gut Virome Vis-À-Vis Health and Aging 4.11 Outlook and Challenges References 5 Bile Microbiota Profile in Aging and Age-Related Disease Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Gallbladder and Disease 5.3 Microbiome Venues 5.4 Bile Microbiome 5.5 Bile Microbiome in Aging and Cancer Acknowledgements References 6 Gut Microbiota and Eating Disorders on the Extremes of Aging Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Eating Disorders as a Growing Public Health Concern 6.3 Microbiota and Its Metabolites 6.3.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 6.3.2 Bile Acids 6.3.3 Other Gut-Derived Metabolites 6.4 Microbiota at the Extremes of Aging 6.5 Microbiota Metabolites at the Extremes of Aging 6.6 Microbiota and Metabolite Changes in Eating Disorders 6.7 Gut-Brain Axis: How Changes in the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites Affect the Brain 6.8 How the Gut-Brain Axis Communication Affects Eating Disorders 6.9 Translational Perspectives 6.10 Conclusions References Part II Chronic Diseases and Gut Microbiota 7 Diabetes Mellitus and Microbiota: Knowledge and Perspectives Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metabolic Role of Gut Microbiota 7.3 Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Possible Pathophysiological Link 7.4 Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 7.5 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Microbiota 7.6 Complications of Diabetes and Gut Microbiota 7.7 Interaction Between Treatment of Diabetes and Gut Microbiota 7.8 Therapeutic Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes Mellitus 7.9 Aging: The Interplay with Diabetes and Microbiota 7.10 Conclusions References 8 Aging Gut Microbiota and Chronic Kidney Disease Abstract 8.1 Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 8.2 Gut Microbiota 8.3 Factors Altering the Composition of Gut Microbiota 8.4 Role of Gut Microbiota in Human Health 8.5 Chronic Kidney Disease Affecting Gut Microbiome 8.6 Dysbiosis-Induced Inflammation Predisposing to CKD 8.7 Immunological Changes in Gut Dysbiosis and CKD 8.8 Aging and Gut Microbiome 8.9 Modulation of Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Approach in CKD 8.10 Summary Authors’ Contributions Consent for Publication Competing Interests References 9 Gut Microbiota in Elderly Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Genetics 9.3 Microbiome 9.4 Mycobiome 9.5 Immunome 9.6 Inflammatory Cytokine 9.7 Solution References 10 Combating the Sustained Inflammation Involved in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases with Probiotics Abstract 10.1 The Microbiome 10.2 Gut-Brain Axis 10.3 Inflamm-Aging 10.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases 10.4.1 Dementia 10.4.2 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) 10.4.3 Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 10.4.4 Huntington’s Disease 10.5 Probiotics to Combat Inflammation and Neurodegeneration 10.6 Conclusion or Translational Perspectives References 11 Lung and Gut Microbiota Interactions with Air Pollution and Aging in Human Chronic Diseases Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Gut and Lung Microbiota 11.3 Microbiota in Aging and Aging-Associated Diseases 11.3.1 Microbiome in Aging 11.3.2 Lung Microbiota in Aging-Associated Disorders 11.3.3 Gut Microbiota in Respiratory Diseases 11.3.4 Gut–Lung Axis 11.4 Microbiota in Air Pollution-Associated Chronic Diseases 11.4.1 Air Pollution: A Cause of Non-communicable Diseases in Elderly Population 11.4.2 Air Pollution Enhances Age-Related Disease Susceptibility Via Microbial Dysbiosis 11.4.2.1 Air Pollution-Induced Gut Dysbiosis 11.4.2.2 Air Pollution-Induced Lung Dysbiosis 11.5 Conclusions and Future Directions Acknowledgements References 12 Aging Gut Microbiota and Sarcopenia Signaling Abstract 12.1 Introduction to Gut Microbiota 12.2 Endocrine System in Gut Microbiota 12.3 Aging and Gut Microbiota 12.3.1 Role of Aging in Gut Microbiota 12.3.2 Age-Related Alteration in Human Gut Microbiota 12.4 Relationship Between Skeletal Muscle and Microbiome 12.5 Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Gut-Muscle Axis 12.6 Gut Microbiota—A Novel Player in Sarcopenia 12.7 Gut-Related Mechanisms Leading to Sarcopenia 12.8 Conclusion References Part III Gut Microbiota in Neurodegernative Diseases and Cancer 13 Gut Microbiota Changes and Parkinson’s Disease: What Do We Know, Which Avenues Ahead Abstract 13.1 Parkinson’s Disease Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Gastrointestinal Abnormalities 13.2 Evidence that Parkinson’s Disease Progresses from the Intestinal Tract 13.3 The Relationship Between Small Intestinal Bacteria and Parkinson’s Disease 13.3.1 Helicobacter Pylori Infection 13.3.2 Small Intestinal Bacterial Growth Syndrome 13.3.3 The Relationship Between Colon Bacteria and Parkinson’s Disease 13.4 Intestinal Microbiota in PD 13.5 Effect of Gut Bacterial Metabolites on Parkinson’s Disease 13.6 Conclusion References 14 Gut Microbiota, Alzheimer and Psychiatric Diseases: Unveiling the Relationships and Treatment Options Abstract 14.1 Gut Microbiota and Neurological Diseases 14.1.1 Alzheimer’s Disease 14.1.2 Dementia 14.2 Gut Microbiota and Psychiatric Diseases 14.2.1 Depression 14.2.2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 14.2.3 Schizophrenia 14.3 Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis 14.3.1 Neuroanatomical Pathways 14.3.2 Neuroendocrine Pathways 14.3.3 Inflammatory Pathways 14.3.4 Metabolic Pathways 14.3.5 Barrier System 14.4 Potential Therapeutic Approaches 14.4.1 Probiotics 14.4.2 Dietary Intervention 14.4.3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 14.4.4 Small Molecule Regulators 14.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 15 “Aging Gut Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer Pathways Correlations” Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Features of Gut Microbiota 15.3 Changes in Microbiota During Growth and in the Elderly 15.4 Age, Gut Microbiota, and CRC 15.5 Diet, Gut Microbiota, Xenobiotics, and CRC 15.6 Conclusion References Part IV Interventions on Gut Microbiota 16 Gerobiotics: Probiotics for Healthy Aging Abstract 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Gut Microbiome as a Hallmark of Aging 16.3 Gerobiotics: A New Term for a Novel Concept 16.3.1 Rapid Growth in the Field of Geroscience 16.3.2 A Reassessed Marketing Strategy for Gerobiotics 16.4 Biomarkers for Identifying and Evaluating Gerobiotic Candidates 16.5 Development of Potential Gerobiotic Strains 16.6 Selected Probiotics as Potential Gerobiotics 16.7 Conclusion References 17 Screening Potential Probiotics Against Obesity and Metabolism Abnormalities in the Elderly Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Age Altered Respects of the Intestinal Microbiota 17.3 Screening Potential Probiotics Against Obesity and Metabolism of the Elderly with Immune and Fat Cell Lines 17.4 Screnting Potential Probiotics Against Obesity and Metabolism of Elderly with Fecal Culture 17.5 Conclusion References 18 Microbiome and Probiotics for Ischemic Stroke Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Microbiome and Ischemic Stroke 18.3 Key Findings for Clinical-Based and Animal-Based Studies 18.4 Probiotics for Ischemic Stroke 18.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements Conflict of Interest Statement References 19 Physical Exercise and Gut Microbiota in the Aging Process: From Osteoporosis to Preventive Bone Health Strategy Abstract 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Aging and Bone Health 19.3 Physical Activity and Bone Health 19.4 Physical Activity and Gut Microbiota 19.5 Gut Microbiota and Bone Health 19.5.1 Intestinal barrier and nutrition 19.6 Summary References 20 Gut Microbiota Peculiarities in Aged HIV-Infected Individuals: Molecular Understanding and Therapeutic Perspectives Abstract 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Impact of Aging on the Dynamics of Gut Microbiota 20.3 HIV Infection and Gut Microbiota 20.4 Do Age-Associated Comorbidities Impact the Dynamics of Microbiota Among People Living with HIV? 20.5 HIV Infection, Gut Microbiota, and the Elderly Brain 20.6 Aging: Gut Microbiota Interactions in COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS—Generic Extrapolation or Tip of the Iceberg? 20.7 Aging, HIV and Gut Microbiota: Therapeutic Implications 20.8 Concluding Remarks References Index