Essential reproduction

Description

Essential Reproduction provides an accessible account of the fundamentals of reproduction within the context of cutting-edge knowledge and examples of its application. The eighth edition of this internationally best-selling title provides a multidisciplinary approach integrating anatomy, physiology, genetics, behaviour, biochemistry, molecular biology and clinical science, to give thorough coverage of the study of mammalian reproduction. Title Page ......Page 5 Copyright Page......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 9 Preface......Page 10 How to use this book......Page 12 Acknowledgements......Page 13 About the companion website......Page 14 Part 1 Introduction ......Page 15 Chapter 1 What is reproduction?......Page 17 Reproductive strategies......Page 18 Reproductive life cycles......Page 22 Key learning points......Page 25 Further reading......Page 26 Chapter 2 The infrastructure of reproduction ......Page 27 The reproductive hardware......Page 28 The brain, hypothalamus and pituitary......Page 29 Reproductive messengers......Page 30 General features of reproductive hormones......Page 41 Key learning points......Page 45 Further reading......Page 46 Part 2 Making women and men ......Page 49 Chapter 3 Sex ......Page 51 The genetic determinant of sex is located on the Y chromosome......Page 52 When, where and how does Sry act?......Page 53 Sexual differentiation within the gonads......Page 57 Sexually dimorphic somatic differentiation depends on the endocrine activity of the fetal testis......Page 58 Conclusions......Page 63 Clinical vignette......Page 64 Further reading......Page 65 Chapter 4 Sexual maturation ......Page 67 Prepubertal development......Page 68 Puberty and adolescence......Page 71 A distinctive pattern of hormonal changes underlies puberty......Page 75 The central nervous system plays a key role in the onset of puberty......Page 76 Conclusions......Page 83 Key learning points......Page 84 Further reading......Page 85 Chapter 5 Gender ......Page 86 Gender is a system of classification based on sex......Page 87 Gender stereotypes and gender identities......Page 88 The brain and behavioural dimorphism......Page 90 Gender development may form part of social learning in humans......Page 96 Gender and reproduction......Page 98 Key learning points......Page 99 Further reading......Page 100 Chapter 6 Sexual selection ......Page 102 Sexuality......Page 103 Eliciting male sexual interest and arousal......Page 107 Female sexual behaviour......Page 108 The brain, hormones and sexual behaviour......Page 113 Social factors influence sexual behaviour in higher primates......Page 114 Selecting sexual partners......Page 115 Conclusions......Page 117 Key learning points......Page 118 Further reading ......Page 119 Part 3 Preparing for pregnancy ......Page 121 Chapter 7 Making sperm ......Page 123 Spermatogenesis has three main phases......Page 124 Spermatogenesis is highly organized both temporally and spatially......Page 132 Key learning points......Page 139 Further reading......Page 140 Chapter 8 Men ......Page 142 Testicular hormones......Page 143 Spermatogenesis is dependent on endocrine support......Page 144 Testicular hormones modulate the output of pituitary hormones......Page 146 Androgens play an essential role in the fecund male......Page 147 Conclusions......Page 149 Key learning points......Page 151 Further reading......Page 152 Chapter 9 Making eggs ......Page 153 The follicle is the fundamental reproductive element of the ovary......Page 154 Ovulation......Page 161 The corpus luteum is the postovulatory ‘follicle’......Page 165 Conclusions......Page 167 Key learning points......Page 169 Clinical vignette......Page 170 Further reading......Page 171 Chapter 10 Women ......Page 172 Follicular development and the ovarian cycle......Page 173 Ovarian hormones regulate gonadotrophin secretion......Page 175 Feedback by steroid hormones and the inhibins regulates the menstrual cycle......Page 177 Positive and negative feedback are mediated at the level of both the hypothalamus and pituitary......Page 179 The ovarian cycle in relation to the oestrous and menstrual cycles......Page 182 Conclusions......Page 191 Further reading ......Page 193 Part 4 Making an embryo ......Page 195 Chapter 11 Sperm and eggs ......Page 197 Spermatozoa require a period of epididymal maturation......Page 198 Semen is made up of spermatozoa and seminal plasma......Page 200 Coition......Page 202 Gamete transport through the female genital tract......Page 206 Conclusions......Page 207 Clinical vignette......Page 209 Further reading......Page 210 Chapter 12 Fertilization ......Page 211 Spermatozoa gain their full fertilizing capacity in the female tract......Page 212 Penetrating the egg investments......Page 213 Fertilization completion......Page 217 Anomalous fertilization......Page 221 Conclusions......Page 224 Clinical vignette......Page 225 Further reading......Page 226 Chapter 13 Initiating pregnancy ......Page 229 Early development is ‘embryogenic’......Page 230 Implantation......Page 235 The molecular conversations at implantation......Page 238 The prolongation of luteal life......Page 244 Key learning points......Page 246 Clinical vignette......Page 247 Further reading......Page 248 Part 5 Maintaining a pregnancy ......Page 251 Chapter 14 Supporting the embryo and fetus ......Page 253 Nutritional strategies......Page 254 Endocrine support strategies......Page 263 Conclusions......Page 267 Key learning points......Page 268 Further reading......Page 269 Chapter 15 Growing the fetus ......Page 271 Patterns of fetal growth......Page 272 Placental transport......Page 274 Key learning points......Page 281 Clinical vignette......Page 282 Further reading......Page 283 Chapter 16 Fetal challenges ......Page 284 Pregnancy loss......Page 285 Fetomaternal immune relations......Page 289 Fetal hypoxia......Page 293 Developmental programming......Page 296 Conclusions......Page 298 Clinical vignette......Page 299 Further reading......Page 300 Part 6 A new individual ......Page 303 Chapter 17 Preparing for birth ......Page 305 Fetal systems develop and mature in preparation for postnatal life......Page 306 Fetal hormones orchestrate development and preparations for birth......Page 311 Clinical vignette......Page 313 Further reading......Page 314 Chapter 18 Giving birth ......Page 315 Labour......Page 316 Endocrine control of parturition......Page 325 Conclusions......Page 328 Clinical vignette......Page 329 Further reading......Page 330 Chapter 19 Lactation ......Page 332 Lactation......Page 333 The milk ejection reflex (MER)......Page 338 Cessation of lactation......Page 339 Milk......Page 340 Conclusions......Page 341 Clinical vignette......Page 342 Further reading......Page 343 Chapter 20 Postnatal care ......Page 344 Patterns of maternal behaviour vary amongst mammals......Page 345 Genetics and maternal care......Page 352 Clinical vignette......Page 355 Further reading......Page 356 Part 7 Manipulating reproduction ......Page 359 Chapter 21 Controlling fertility ......Page 361 Artificial control of fertility......Page 363 Conclusions......Page 373 Key learning points......Page 374 Further reading......Page 375 Chapter 22 Restoring fertility ......Page 377 Causes of subfertility......Page 378 Approaches to subfertility treatment......Page 382 Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)......Page 389 Key learning points......Page 393 Further reading......Page 394 Chapter 23 Society and reproduction ......Page 397 Social constraints on fertility......Page 398 Biological constraints on fertility......Page 399 Society and the infertile......Page 400 Reproduction, sexuality and ethics......Page 404 Key learning points......Page 405 Further reading......Page 406 Index......Page 409 EULA......Page 427