Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Materials and Sustainable Structures

Description

This book deals with the introduction of various kinds of advanced composite materials such as carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP), aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP), and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP). This book covers the advantages and disadvantages of these advanced composite materials. The primary advantages, such as high specific strength and stiffness, of advance composite materials result in lighter and durable structures. On the other hand, its linear elastic behavior till failure has been highlighted as the main disadvantage for their structural applications. This book also highlights the various forms in which the FRP components are tailored and stacked up to optimize its strength and stiffness to deliver the high-performance structural as well as non-structural components in its real-life application. The various forms in which FRP materials are developed are described such as uni-directional, cross-ply, angle-ply, hybrid, and functionally graded composites. In addition, various forms in which these materials stacked and/ bonded to fabricate the various structural and non-structural components are described. Most importantly, techniques to extract plant-based cellulosic fibers and its application to fabricate the various forms of sustainable composite products are described. In addition, development of nano-particle-enforced cellulosic fibers for sustainable industrial products has also been presented. Furthermore, the use of advanced composites and natural fiber-based composites has been demonstrated for repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting of deficient structural systems. Moreover, the comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art research on the test methods for material characterization at room and elevated temperature is presented which will be of high interest to scientists, researchers, students, and engineers working in the fields of composite materials such as FRPs and other forms of composites such as fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). This book is also helpful for undergraduate, masters, and most importantly Ph.D. research scholars for developing their fundamental understanding on advanced composite materials and their applications in construction as well as industrial sectors. Cover Composites Science and Technology Series Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Materials and Sustainable Structures Copyright Preface Contents Fire Resistance Requirements for Bio-Based Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structural Members 1 Introduction 2 Need for Fire Resistance in Bio-Based FRP Composites 3 Fire Resistance Requirements 4 Fire Resistance Assessment 4.1 Testing 4.2 Numerical Modeling 5 Case Study 6 Research Needs 7 Summary References Methodologies for Evaluating FRP-Concrete Interfacial Bond Strength at Elevated Temperatures 1 Introduction 2 Limitations of Current Test Method 3 Proposed Test Method 3.1 Typical Specimen 3.2 Test Equipment, Setup, and Procedure 4 Bond Strength Test 5 Results and Discussion 6 Practical Implications 7 Summary References Durability of FRP Composites for Use in Civil Infrastructure—From Materials to Application 1 Introduction 2 Materials Durability 3 Application to Structures 4 Summary and Conclusions References Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Glass/Epoxy and Carbon/Epoxy Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminates 1 Introduction and Research Significance 2 Fabrication Process 3 Experimental Investigation 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Mechanical Characterization of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 1 Introduction 2 Materials 2.1 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers 2.2 Preparation of Composite Specimen 3 Testing of Composite Specimen 3.1 Tensile Test 3.2 Compressive Test 3.3 Shear Modulus 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Tensile Characteristics 4.2 Compressive Characteristics 5 Conclusions References Effect of Layer Thickness and FRP Reinforcement Ratio on the Load Carrying Capacity of ECC Composite Beams 1 Introduction 2 Research Significance 3 Finite Element Analysis 4 Verification of Numerical Models 5 Parametric Study 6 Conclusion References Fibers and Polymers in Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review 1 Introduction 1.1 Classification of Composites 1.2 Classification of Reinforcements Used in Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Composites 1.3 Classification of Polymers Used in Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Composites 2 Processing 2.1 Hand Lay Up 2.2 Resin Transfer Molding 2.3 Resin Infusion/Vacuum Bagging 2.4 Autoclave Process 2.5 Compression Molding 2.6 Filament Winding 2.7 Pultrusion 2.8 Injection Molding 2.9 Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding 2.10 Thermoforming 3 Designing 4 Applications 4.1 Automotive Industry 4.2 Construction Industry 4.3 Aerospace Industry 4.4 Consumer Goods Industry 4.5 Protective Equipment Industry 4.6 Marine Infrastructure Industry 4.7 Power Industry 5 Conclusions References Comparative Study of Long-Term Monitoring Systems and Introduction to Emerging Smart FRP Technology 1 Introduction 1.1 CWS System 1.2 WMS System 1.3 FOS System 2 Selection of Sensor System 3 Selection of Type of Sensor 4 Research Significance 5 Specimen Identification 5.1 Vibration Sensor 5.2 Strain Sensor 5.3 Temperature Sensor 6 Loading Protocol 7 Results and Discussion 7.1 Free Vibration Long-Term Acceleration Data 7.2 Free Vibration Long Term Strain Data 7.3 Free Vibration Long Term Temperature Data 8 Introduction to Smart FRP 9 Summary and Conclusions References Experimental Investigation on Flexural Behaviour of RC Beams Strengthened with Various FRP Composite Configurations 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation and Research Objectives 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Experimental Setup and Instrumentation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Natural Fibres—A Potential Bio-reinforcement in Polymers for Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Structures—An Overview 1 Introduction 2 Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRP) 3 Applications 4 Conclusions and Future Scope References Natural Fiber and Nanoparticles Reinforced Natural Fiber for Structural Composite Applications 1 Introduction 2 Natural Fibre 3 Physio-Chemical Properties Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers 4 Mechanical Properties of Lignocellulosic Fibers 5 Extraction Process of Natural Fibers 6 Chemical Treatments and Modification of Natural Fibers 7 Applications of the Natural Fibers in Structural Composites 8 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites 9 Strategies of Enhancing the Performance of NFRC’s 9.1 Nanoparticles Reinforced Natural Fiber 10 Preparation of Nanoparticle Reinforced Natural Fibers 11 Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticle Reinforced Natural Fibers 12 General Applications 13 Conclusions References Free Vibration, Mechanical and Damping Properties of Woven Jute FRP Composites with the Effect of Stacking Arrangements 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Details 2.1 Materials Used 2.2 Flexural Test 2.3 Inter-Laminar Shear Strength 2.4 Free Vibration Test 2.5 Theoretical Modal Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Flexural Modulus 3.2 Inter-Laminar Shear Strength 3.3 Free Vibration Test 3.4 Analysis of Variance 4 Conclusions References Experimental Study of Flexure and Shear Parameters for Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rebars Concrete Beams 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Procedure 2.1 Test Specimen and Procedure 2.2 Material Properties 3 Test Results 4 Conclusion References Tailoring Properties of Electric Arc Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Through Fly Ash Incorporation 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Sample Preparations and Mixtures 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Mechanical Strength 3.2 Flowability 4 Conclusions References Numerical Investigation of Nonlinear Guided Wave Propagation in a Functionally Graded Material 1 Introduction 2 Finite Element Modelling 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 FGM Plate with a Microcrack 4 Conclusion References Effect of High Temperatures on Stiffness of Water Quenched Reinforced Concrete Columns Supplemented with Steel Fibers 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Methodology 3 Specimen Details 4 Test Setup 5 Results and Discussions 5.1 Stiffness 5.2 Effect of Temperature on Stiffness of SFRC Columns Heated from 500 to 800 °C, with an Exposure Duration of 60 Min and Quenched in Water 5.3 Effect of Temperature on Stiffness of SFRC Columns Heated from 500 to 800 °C, with an Exposure Duration of 180 Min and Quenched in Water 5.4 Rate of Reduction in Stiffness in Percentage Per Minute 6 Conclusions Appendix 1 References Impact of Clay and Non-clay Microfines on Various Concrete Properties 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Work 2.1 Raw Materials 2.2 Mix Proportion and Test Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Impact of Clay and Non-clay Particles on MB Value of M-sand 3.2 Impact of Clay and Non-Clay Microfines on Concrete Workability 3.3 Impact of Clay and Non-clay Microfines on the Mechanical Strength of Concrete 3.4 Impact of Clay and Non-clay Microfines on Abrasion Resistance of Concrete 4 Conclusions References Evaluating Accuracy of Correlation Expressions from Literature for Estimation of Concrete Strength from Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature 3 Experimental Data for Evaluation 4 Evaluation of Accuracy of Different Correlations 5 Discussion of Results 6 Concluding Remarks References Bending Analysis of Laminated Composite Cylindrical Shell Using Fifth Order Shear Deformation Theory 1 Introduction 2 Cylindrical Shell Under Consideration 2.1 Displacement Field 2.2 Stress–Strain Relationships 3 Governing Equations 4 Navier’s Solution Scheme 5 Illustrative Examples 6 Conclusions References Performance Characteristics and Economical Evaluation of Various Types of Nanomaterial Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Tests on Materials 2.1 Tests on Fresh Concrete Prepared by Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 2.2 Tests on Fresh Concrete 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Comparison of Compressive Strength OPC and PPC Using Different Nano Materials 3.2 Weight of Nano Materials and Cement Used per Cube 3.3 Cost Analysis Using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 3.4 Cost Analysis of Nano Materials Used 3.5 Cost Analysis of Aggregates Used 3.6 Total Cost of Materials Used 3.7 Carbon Emission Calculation for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 4 Conclusion References Performance of GGBS and SBA in Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methodology 2.1 Materials 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Water Absorption and Bulk Density 3.2 Compressive Strength 3.3 Load Carrying Capacity of Masonary 4 Conclusion References Influence of Fire on Steel Reinforcement of R.C.C Elements 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Work 3 Results and Discussions 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Graphene Oxide and Fly Ash Based Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Concrete Specimens Preparation 2.3 Test Procedure of Static Mechanical Properties 2.4 Test Procedure of Dynamic Mechanical Properties 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Static Mechanical Properties 3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 4 Conclusions References Development of Coal Ash for Structural Applications 1 Introduction 2 Brief Description 2.1 Class F fly Ash 2.2 Class C Fly Ash 3 Conclusion References Strength Characteristics of Warm Mix Asphalt Using Brickdust as a Mineral Filler 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Binder 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Marshall Stability and Retained Marshall Stability 4.2 Volumetric Properties 4.3 Marshall Quotient (MQ) 4.4 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) 5 Conclusion References Concrete Compressive Strength Prediction Using Boosting Algorithms 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Dataset 2.2 Machine Learning for Regression 3 Conclusions References Rehabilitation and Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Fiber Reinforced Polymers-Experiments 1 Introduction 2 Overall Design and Configuration of the Structure 3 Material Properties 4 Testing 5 Test Results 6 Experiments on Retrofitted Structure 7 Application of Retrofitting 8 Experimental Results 9 Failure Patterns 10 Practical Observations on Retrofitting 11 Post Test Analysis Results 12 Determination of Hinge Properties 13 Conclusions and Discussions 14 Annexure References Construction Technology for Integral Bridges with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons 1 Introduction 1.1 General 1.2 Integral Bridges 1.3 Basalt-Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) 1.4 Applications of FRP Composites 1.5 Anchoring System for FRP Tendons 1.6 Structural Members Reinforced/Pre-Stressed with FRP Materials 2 Anchor Design for Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Tendons 2.1 General 2.2 Analytical Study 2.3 Experimental Study 2.4 FE Simulations 2.5 Optimal Anchor 3 Performance of the BFRP at Elevated Temperatures 3.1 General 3.2 Experimental Investigations 3.3 Constitutive Law in Thermo-Mechanics 4 BFRP Reinforced and Pre-Stressed Concrete Beams 4.1 General 4.2 Experimental Investigations 5 Flexural Analysis of BFRP-Reinforced and Pre-Stressed Concrete Beams 5.1 General 5.2 Analysis of Beams 5.3 Results of Analysis 5.4 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 6 Ductility of FRP-Reinforced/PRE-Stressed Beams 6.1 General 6.2 Analysis from Energy Perspective 6.3 Validation of Analysis and Comparison of Results 6.4 Proposed Model for Assessment of Ductility 6.5 Numerical Results 7 BFRP Tendons in Integral Bridges 7.1 General 7.2 Analysis of Integral Bridges 7.3 Design of Bridges 7.4 Aesthetic Appeal 8 Conclusion 8.1 Optimal Anchor 8.2 Performance of the BFRP Rebar at Elevated Temperature 8.3 Design Philosophy 8.4 Ductility 8.5 BFRP Pre-Stressed Integral Bridges References