Principles and practice of radiation therapy

Description

Learn everything you need to know about radiation therapy with the only comprehensive text written for radiation therapy students by radiation therapists. This book is designed to help you understand cancer management, improve clinical techniques for delivering doses of radiation, and apply complex concepts to treatment planning and delivery. This edition features enhanced learning tools and thoroughly updated content, including three new chapters to inform you of increasingly important technologies and practices. The up-to-date and authoritative coverage of this text make it a resource you'll want to consult throughout your radiation therapy courses and beyond. Complete coverage of radiation therapy provides all introductory content plus the full scope of information on physics, simulation, and treatment planning. Contributions from a broad range of practitioners bring you the expertise of radiation therapists, physicians, nurses, administrators, and educators who are part of cancer management teams. Chapters on image guided radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, and CT simulation keep you up-to-date with emerging technologies. Color inserts show significant procedures and imaging technologies clearly  Read more... Front Cover......Page 1 IFC......Page 2 Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contributors......Page 8 EVOLVE CONTRIBUTOR......Page 10 Reviewers......Page 12 ANCILLARIES......Page 14 Acknowledgments......Page 16 Contents......Page 18 PATIENT PERSPECTIVE......Page 20 BIOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE......Page 22 ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 24 DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 25 TREATMENT OPTIONS......Page 27 PROGNOSIS......Page 33 THE RADIATION ONCOLOGY TEAM......Page 35 SUMMARY......Page 37 REFERENCES......Page 38 Chapter 2 - The Ethics and Legal Considerations of Cancer Management......Page 39 THE CASE FOR ETHICS IN RADIATION THERAPY......Page 40 PATIENT AUTONOMY AND INFORMED CONSENT......Page 47 DYING PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES......Page 50 RISK MANAGEMENT......Page 55 MEDICAL RECORDS......Page 56 SUMMARY......Page 57 REFERENCE......Page 60 Chapter 3 - Principles of Pathology......Page 61 CELLS AND THE NATURE OF DISEASE......Page 62 THE PATHOLOGY OF NEOPLASMS......Page 64 ESTABLISHMENT OF A PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS......Page 70 CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER......Page 71 BIOLOGY OF THE CANCER CELL......Page 72 SUMMARY......Page 74 REFERENCES......Page 76 INTERACTION OF RADIATION AND MATTER......Page 77 CELLULAR RESPONSE TO RADIATION......Page 82 CELL SURVIVAL CURVES......Page 83 RADIOSENSITIVITY......Page 87 SYSTEMIC RESPONSE TO RADIATION......Page 88 TOTAL-BODY RESPONSE TO RADIATION......Page 89 LATE EFFECTS OF RADIATION......Page 95 RADIATION THERAPY......Page 97 PRESENT STATUS OF RADIATION THERAPY......Page 102 SUMMARY......Page 103 REFERENCES......Page 104 INTRODUCTION TO DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 106 PATIENT INTERVIEWS AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL......Page 107 MEDICAL RECORD AND MEDICAL HISTORY......Page 108 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 109 SCREENING......Page 112 AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY’S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DETECTING CANCER......Page 117 MEDICAL IMAGING......Page 120 CANCER DIAGNOSIS (BIOPSY)......Page 121 STAGING SYSTEMS......Page 122 SUMMARY......Page 123 REFERENCES......Page 124 Chapter 6 - Medical Imaging......Page 125 HISTORIC OVERVIEW......Page 126 RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING CONCEPTS......Page 127 X-RAY TUBE......Page 128 X-RAY PRODUCTION......Page 130 X-RAY INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER......Page 133 FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGING......Page 135 RECORDING MEDIA......Page 137 APPLICATIONS IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY......Page 139 SUMMARY......Page 148 REFERENCES......Page 149 OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT DELIVERY EQUIPMENT......Page 151 CHARACTERISTICS OF KILOVOLTAGE X-RAY EQUIPMENT......Page 152 MEGAVOLTAGE EQUIPMENT......Page 154 SUMMARY......Page 173 REFERENCES......Page 174 Chapter 8 - Treatment Procedures......Page 175 RADIATION ONCOLOGY RECORD......Page 176 TREATMENT SESSION PREPARATION......Page 177 PATIENT......Page 180 PATIENT TRANSFERS......Page 181 PATIENT POSITION, ISOCENTER, AND FIELD PLACEMENT......Page 182 VERIFICATION IMAGING (ISOCENTER)......Page 186 BEAM POSITION AND SHAPE......Page 187 BEAM-MODIFYING DEVICES......Page 188 ASSESSMENT AND ACCEPTANCE OF TREATMENT PARAMETERS......Page 189 TREATMENT DELIVERY......Page 190 TREATMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 191 ELECTRON BEAM......Page 193 SUMMARY......Page 194 REFERENCES......Page 196 Chapter 9 - Infection Control in Radiation Oncology Facilities......Page 197 REGULATORY AGENCIES AND PUBLIC OVERSIGHT......Page 198 INFECTION CYCLE AND DISEASE PHASES......Page 199 TRANSMISSION ROUTES......Page 200 DEFENSE MECHANISMS......Page 202 PERSONNEL AND STUDENT HEALTH SERVICES AND PERTINENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES......Page 205 EVOLUTION OF ISOLATION PRACTICES......Page 218 ISOLATION CHAOS LEADS TO A NEW ISOLATION GUIDELINE......Page 219 INFECTION CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS......Page 220 ROLE OF THE CENTRAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT......Page 226 STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION TECHNIQUES......Page 227 STERILITY QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES......Page 230 SUMMARY......Page 231 PATIENT ASSESSMENT DEFINED......Page 238 INTERPROFESSIONAL APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF CANCER PATIENTS......Page 242 SUMMARY......Page 256 REFERENCES......Page 257 DRUG LEGISLATION......Page 259 VARIABLES THAT AFFECT PATIENT RESPONSE......Page 260 DRUG CATEGORIES RELEVANT TO RADIATION THERAPY......Page 263 CONTRAST MEDIA......Page 264 ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONTRAST MEDIA......Page 265 ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION......Page 267 IV ADMINISTRATION......Page 268 LEGAL ASPECTS......Page 274 SUMMARY......Page 275 REFERENCES......Page 276 REVIEW OF MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS......Page 278 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF MATHEMATICS IN RADIATION THERAPY......Page 284 SUMMARY......Page 287 REFERENCES......Page 288 RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS......Page 289 ATOMIC PHYSICS......Page 290 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION......Page 295 RADIOACTIVITY......Page 297 PHOTON INTERACTIONS......Page 301 OTHER PARTICLE INTERACTIONS......Page 306 SUMMARY......Page 309 REFERENCES......Page 311 WHAT IS BRACHYTHERAPY?......Page 312 SOURCE SPECIFICATION......Page 313 RADIOACTIVE DECAY......Page 314 TEMPORAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 315 BRACHYTHERAPY APPLICATIONS......Page 317 EXPOSURE FROM A RADIOACTIVE SOURCE......Page 318 CLASSIC SYSTEMS......Page 319 DOSE CALCULATIONS IN BRACHYTHERAPY......Page 320 CLINICAL EXAMPLES......Page 321 RADIATION SAFETY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE......Page 326 SUMMARY......Page 327 IMAGE-GUIDED RADIATION THERAPY......Page 329 RESPIRATORY MOTION MANAGEMENT......Page 334 STEREOTACTIC RADIATION THERAPY......Page 336 PROTON TREATMENTS......Page 338 SUMMARY......Page 339 REFERENCES......Page 340 INTRODUCTION......Page 342 GENERAL PARTICLE THERAPY PRINCIPLES......Page 343 SIMULATION......Page 345 TREATMENT PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS......Page 346 TREATMENT DELIVERY......Page 351 QUALITY ASSURANCE......Page 353 SUMMARY......Page 354 UNITS......Page 357 NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIATION......Page 358 REGULATORS......Page 359 DOSE LIMITS......Page 360 PERSONNEL MONITORING......Page 361 RADIATION MEASUREMENT......Page 362 BRACHYTHERAPY......Page 363 SHIELDING DESIGN......Page 365 SAFETY DEVICES......Page 366 SUMMARY......Page 367 MOTIVATION......Page 369 LEADERSHIP......Page 371 CULTURE OF SAFETY......Page 372 IMPROVEMENT CYCLES......Page 377 SUMMARY......Page 379 EVOLUTION OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT......Page 384 REGULATING AGENCIES......Page 385 STANDARDS......Page 389 COMPONENTS OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND ASSURANCE......Page 392 CLINICAL ASPECTS OF QUALITY CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT......Page 394 CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IMPLEMENTATION......Page 403 SUMMARY......Page 404 REFERENCES......Page 405 PERSPECTIVE......Page 407 RELATED IMAGING MODALITIES USED IN SIMULATION AND TUMOR LOCALIZATION......Page 408 BODY CAVITIES......Page 411 BODY HABITUS......Page 413 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM......Page 414 AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THORAX......Page 417 SURFACE AND SECTIONAL ANATOMY AND LANDMARKS OF THE HEAD AND NECK......Page 423 SURFACE AND SECTIONAL ANATOMY AND LANDMARKS OF THE THORAX AND BREAST......Page 430 SURFACE AND SECTIONAL ANATOMY AND LANDMARKS OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS......Page 434 APPLIED TECHNOLOGY......Page 440 SUMMARY......Page 446 REFERENCES......Page 447 HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE......Page 448 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION......Page 455 IMAGE QUALITY......Page 462 QUALITY ASSURANCE......Page 465 ROOM DESIGN......Page 467 SUMMARY......Page 468 INTRODUCTION......Page 470 HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE......Page 471 SIMULATION PROCEDURES......Page 473 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SIMULATION PROCEDURES......Page 478 CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 483 PATIENT POSITIONING IN THE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNER......Page 487 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DATA ACQUISITION......Page 488 METHODS OF SIMULATION WITH COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES......Page 489 PATIENT MARKING SYSTEM......Page 491 USE OF FOUR-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN VIRTUAL SIMULATION......Page 492 NUCLEAR MEDICINE......Page 494 SUMMARY......Page 496 Chapter 23 - Photon Dosimetry Concepts and Calculations......Page 499 CONCEPTS USED IN PHOTON BEAM DOSE CALCULATIONS......Page 500 TISSUE ABSORPTION FACTORS......Page 506 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHOTON BEAM DOSE CALCULATIONS......Page 509 SOURCE-SKIN DISTANCE (NONISOCENTRIC) TREATMENT CALCULATIONS......Page 510 LINEAR ACCELERATOR NONISOCENTRIC MONITOR UNIT SETTING CALCULATIONS......Page 518 EXTENDED DISTANCE CALCULATIONS WITH PERCENTAGE DEPTH DOSE AND SOURCE-SKIN DISTANCE TREATMENT......Page 519 SOURCE-AXIS DISTANCE (ISOCENTRIC) CALCULATIONS......Page 523 UNEQUAL BEAM WEIGHTING......Page 527 SEPARATION OF ADJACENT FIELDS......Page 528 SUMMARY......Page 529 REFERENCES......Page 531 Photon Dose Distributions......Page 532 TREATMENT PLANNING ESSENTIALS......Page 541 SUMMARY......Page 552 REFERENCES......Page 554 Chapter 25 - Electron Beams in Radiation Therapy......Page 555 IRREGULAR FIELDS AND ELECTRON BEAMS......Page 561 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRON BEAMS IN RADIATION THERAPY......Page 563 SUMMARY......Page 566 REFERENCES......Page 567 INTRODUCTION......Page 568 EVOLUTION OF THE MEDICAL RECORD......Page 569 WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING......Page 570 DATA COMPILATION......Page 572 INFORMATION SYSTEMS......Page 575 CONNECTIVITY AND INTEROPERABILITY......Page 576 USER INTERFACE AND EXPERIENCE......Page 578 SUMMARY......Page 579 REFERENCES......Page 581 BONE AND CARTILAGE TUMORS......Page 582 SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS......Page 595 SUMMARY......Page 603 REFERENCES......Page 606 HODGKIN LYMPHOMA......Page 607 NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA......Page 615 SUMMARY......Page 617 Chapter 29 - Endocrine System Tumors......Page 620 THYROID CANCER......Page 621 ADRENAL CORTEX TUMORS......Page 633 ADRENAL MEDULLA TUMORS......Page 635 ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPIST......Page 636 SUMMARY......Page 638 CANCER OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM......Page 640 SUMMARY......Page 660 Chapter 31 - Head and Neck Cancers......Page 662 NATURAL HISTORY......Page 663 TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS......Page 674 SITE-SPECIFIC STUDY OF CANCERS OF THE HEAD AND NECK......Page 683 MANAGEMENT OF SYMPTOMS AND MORBIDITY......Page 699 ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPIST......Page 701 SUMMARY......Page 702 CANCER OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 705 SUMMARY......Page 721 COLORECTAL CANCER......Page 724 ANAL CANCER......Page 737 ESOPHAGEAL CANCER......Page 739 PANCREATIC CANCER......Page 747 SUMMARY......Page 753 Chapter 34 - Gynecologic Cancers......Page 757 ANATOMY......Page 758 CERVICAL CANCER......Page 759 ENDOMETRIAL CANCERS......Page 763 OVARIAN CANCER......Page 764 VULVAR CANCERS......Page 767 VAGINAL CANCER......Page 768 ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPIST......Page 769 SUMMARY......Page 770 PROSTATE......Page 772 PENIS AND MALE URETHRA......Page 788 URINARY BLADDER......Page 793 TESTIS......Page 798 KIDNEY......Page 802 ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPIST......Page 806 SUMMARY......Page 809 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS......Page 814 ANATOMY......Page 816 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 818 DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 819 PATHOLOGY......Page 821 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS......Page 822 TREATMENT MANAGEMENT......Page 825 RADIATION THERAPY......Page 828 Chapter 37 - Pediatric Solid Tumors......Page 841 BRAIN TUMORS......Page 843 RETINOBLASTOMA......Page 847 NEUROBLASTOMA......Page 848 WILMS’ TUMOR......Page 849 SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS......Page 851 MISCELLANEOUS CHILDHOOD TUMORS......Page 853 ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPIST......Page 854 SUMMARY......Page 855 Skin Cancers and Melanoma......Page 858 SUMMARY......Page 880 Glossary......Page 883 Index......Page 903 Color Plates......Page 928