Administrative law : bureaucracy in a democracy

Description

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Administrative Law Defined 1.2 Sources of Administrative Law 1.2(a) Constitution 1.2(b) Enabling Laws 1.2(c) Administrative Procedure Act 1.2(d) Executive Orders, Proclamations, and Signing Statements 1.3 Administrative Agencies 1.3(a) The Need for Agencies 1.3(b) Types of Agencies 1.3(c) The History and Size of the Bureaucracy 1.3(d) The Impact of Agencies on Daily Life 1.4 Conclusion CHAPTER 2 Bureaucracy and Democracy 2.1 Democracy and Accountability 2.1(a) Democracy Defined 2.1(b) Federalism United States v. Morrison Gonzales v. Oregon National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Preston v. Ferrer American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. Michigan Public Service Comm’n 2.1(c) Separation of Powers 2.2 Controlling the Bureaucracy 2.2(a) Bureaucracy Defined 2.2(b) Presidential Control Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Corporation Accounting Oversight Board Clinton v. City of New York 2.2(c) Congressional Control INS v. Chadha 2.2(d) Judicial Control 2.3 Conclusion CHAPTER 3 Agency Discretion 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Detriments and Benefits of Discretion 3.3 Limits on Agency Discretion 3.4 Examples of Agency Discretion 3.4(a) Prosecutorial Discretion General Motors v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 3.4(b) Rulemaking and Policy Discretion Gonzalez v. Reno 3.4(c) Claims and Applications Decisions 3.4(d) Protective Action Brock v. Roadway Express, Inc. 3.4(e) Tests and Inspections Generally 3.4(f) Advisory Opinions and Declaratory Orders 3.4(g) Mediation and Arbitration 3.4(h) Other Action 3.5 Conclusion CHAPTER 4 The Requirement of Fairness 4.1 Due Process in General 4.2 Protected Interests 4.2(a) Life 4.2(b) Liberty 4.2(c) Property Perry v. Sindermann Garcetti v. Ceballos Goss v. Lopez 4.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis 4.4 Notice 4.5 Hearings 4.5(a) Where 4.5(b) What 4.5(c) When Goldberg v. Kelly Gilbert v. Homar Ingraham v. Wright 4.5(d) Counsel 4.6 Equal Protection 4.6(a) The Tests Romer v. Evans FSK Drug Corp. v. Perales 4.6(b) Affirmative Action and Diversity Grutter v. Bollinger Gratz v. Bollinger 4.6(c) Fifteenth Amendment Rice v. Cayetano Dixon v. Love 4.7 Conclusion CHAPTER 5 Delegation 5.1 What Is Delegation? 5.2 Delegating Legislative Authority United States v. Grimaud Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan 5.3 The Delegation Doctrine Today Touby v. United States Whitman v. American Trucking Associations 5.4 Delegating Judicial Authority South Dakota v. Department of Interior 5.5 Delegating to Private Agencies Foley v. Osborne Court Condominium 5.6 Delegation and Criminal Law 5.7 Arrest and Detention 5.8 Conclusion CHAPTER 6 Agency Rulemaking 6.1 In General 6.2 Rulemaking and Adjudication Defined 6.3 The Volume of Rules 6.4 Types of Rules 6.5 Rulemaking Procedure 6.5(a) Formal Rulemaking United States v. Florida East Coast Railroad 6.5(b) Informal Rulemaking 6.5(c) Beyond the APA’s Requirements: Hybrid Rulemaking 6.5(d) Exempted Rulemaking 6.5(e) Negotiated Rulemaking Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council 6.5(f) Advisory Committees 6.6 Ratemaking 6.7 Taxation and Revenues 6.8 Controlling Rulemaking Authority FDA v. Brown & Williamson 6.9 Conclusion CHAPTER 7 Agency Investigations and Information Collection 7.1 Acquiring Information 7.2 Recordkeeping and Reporting United States v. Morton Salt Co. 7.2(a) Fifth Amendment Aspects 7.2(b) Immunity 7.3 Inspections, Tests, and Searches 7.3(a) Fourth Amendment Aspects Camera v. Municipal Court 7.3(b) Drug, Alcohol, AIDS, and DNA Testing Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive Ass’n Vernonia School District v. Acton 7.3(c) Closely Regulated Businesses Donovan v. Dewey 7.4 Subpoenas 7.4(a) Enforcement of Subpoenas 7.5 Parallel Proceedings 7.6 Paperwork Reduction Act 7.7 Conclusion CHAPTER 8 Formal Adjudications 8.1 In General 8.2 Notice 8.3 Parties and Participation 8.3(a) Parties in Interest and Intervention Ashbacker Radio Corp. v. Federal Communications Commission 8.3(b) Other Methods of Participation 8.4 Discovery 8.5 Prehearing Conference 8.6 Prehearing Settlement and Alternative Dispute Resolution 8.7 The Hearing 8.7(a) Evidence Admissibility Richardson v. Perales Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Lopez-Mendoza 8.7(b) Burdens 8.7(c) Standards 8.7(d) Administrative Law Judges Steadman v. United States Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization Service Abruzzo v. Social Security Administration Gibson v. Berryhill 8.7(e) Counsel and Attorney Fees 8.7(f) The Decision 8.7(g) Observing an Administrative Hearing Administrative hearing record 8.8 License Cases 8.9 Conclusion CHAPTER 9 Accountability through Reviewability 9.1 In General 9.2 Sources of Review Authority 9.2(a) Statutory 9.2(b) Nonstatutory 9.3 Agency Discretion Heckler v. Chaney Lincoln v. Vigil 9.4 Standing Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp Clapper v. Amnesty International USA 9.4(a) Citizen and Taxpayer Federal Election Commission v. Akins 9.4(b) Qui Tam Actions 9.4(c) Environmental Cases Sierra Club v. Morton 9.4(d) Competitor 9.4(e) Consumer 9.4(f) Statutory 9.4(g) Constitutional 9.5 Timing of Review 9.5(a) Primary Jurisdiction 9.5(b) Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies 9.5(c) Ripeness Woodford et al. v. NGO Sackett v. EPA Mckart v. United States 9.6 Scope and Standards of Review 9.6(a) Standard One: De Novo 9.6(b) Standard Two: Substantial Evidence 9.6(c) Standard Three: Arbitrary, Capricious, Abuse of Discretion Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Massachusetts, et al. v. EPA 9.6(d) Issues of Law Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. City of Arlington v. Federal Communications Commission U.S. Supreme Court 9.6(e) Issues of Fact 9.6(f) Mixed Questions of Law and Fact 9.6(g) Issues of Discretion 9.6(h) Failure to Raise Issues 9.6(i) Alternative Rationale 9.7 Review of Rules 9.8 Common Law Doctrines 9.8(a) Res Judicata 9.8(b) Collateral Estoppel 9.8(c) Application to the Government 9.8(d) Equitable Estoppel Schweiker v. Hansen 9.8(e) Laches 9.9 Conclusion CHAPTER 10 Accountability through Accessibility 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Freedom of Information Act 10.2(a) Publication Requirement 10.2(b) Inspection and Copying Requirement 10.2(c) Production upon Request Requirement 10.2(d) FOIA as Discovery 10.2(e) Fees and Waivers 10.2(f) Exemptions Milner v. Department of Navy 562 U.S. United States Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority 510 U.S. 487 National Archives & Records Administration v. Favish 541 U.S. 157 10.2(g) Judicial Review and Remedies 10.2(h) Congressional Monitoring 10.3 Privacy Act 10.3(a) Collection of Information 10.3(b) Maintaining Records, Publication, and Rules 10.3(c) Disclosure of Records 10.3(d) Relationship of FOIA and Privacy Act 10.3(e) Individual Access 10.3(f) Amending Records 10.3(g) Judicial Review and Remedies Ray v. Turner 587 F.2d 1187 10.3(h) Congressional Monitoring 10.4 Government in the Sunshine Act 10.4(a) Exemptions 10.4(b) Judicial Review and Remedies 10.4(c) Congressional Monitoring 10.5 Federal Advisory Committee Act 10.6 Trade Secrets Act 10.7 Privatization and the Public’s Right to Know 10.8 Conclusion Forsham v. Harris CHAPTER 11 Accountability through Liability 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sovereign Immunity 11.3 Federal Tort Claims Act and Its Exceptions 11.3(a) Executive Functions 11.3(b) Intentional Torts 11.3(c) Discretionary Function Doctrine Bowers v. City of Chattanooga 11.3(d) Scope of Employment 11.3(e) Public Duty Doctrine Kirk v. City of Shawnee 11.3(f) Damages and Other Limitations 11.4 Federal Employee Reform and Tort Compensation Act 11.5 Section 1983 Actions 11.5(a) Plaintiffs and Defendants Monell v. Department of Social Services 11.5(b) Deprivation and Color of Law County of Sacramento v. Lewis 11.5(c) Remedies, Fees, and Costs 11.5(d) Procedure Smith v. Wade 11.5(e) Immunities Harlow v. Fitzgerald Filarsky v. Delia 11.6 Constitutional Claims Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents Hui v. Castaneda Vance v. Rumsfeld 11.7 Common Law Torts and Official Immunity Strothman v. Gefreh 11.8 Tucker Act United States v. Navajo Nation 11.9 Ethical Expectations and Liability 11.10 Private Parties as Government Actors 11.11 Other Constitutional Issues: Takings and Free Speech 11.12 Conclusion Appendix A: Constitution of the United States of America Appendix B: Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. §551 et seq.) Excerpts Appendix C: Selected Executive Orders Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y