ELEMENTARY TEXTBOOK ON PHYSICS VOLUME 2 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

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Front Cover......Page 1 Front Jacket......Page 2 Title Page......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 From the Preface to the First Russian Edition......Page 15 1.1. Electric Interaction......Page 16 1.2. Conductors and Insulators......Page 18 1.3. Division of Bodies into Conductors and Insulators......Page 20 1.4. Positive and Negative Charges......Page 22 1.5. What Happens During Electrostatic Charging?......Page 24 1.6. Electron Theory......Page 26 1.7. Electrostatic Charging by Friction......Page 27 1.8. Charging by Induction......Page 30 1.10. Coulomb’s Law......Page 34 1.11. Unit of Charge......Page 36 2.1. Effect of Electric Charge on Surrounding Bodies......Page 39 2.2. The Idea of Electric Field......Page 40 2.3. Electric Field Strength......Page 42 2.4. Composition of Fields......Page 44 2.5. Electric Field in Insulators and Conductors......Page 45 2.6. Graphic Representation of Fields......Page 46 2.8. Application of the Method of Field Lines to Problems in Electrostatics......Page 50 2.9. Work Done in Displacing an Electric Charge in an Electric Field......Page 53 2.10. Potential Difference (Electric Voltage)......Page 56 2.11. Equipotential Surfaces......Page 58 2.12. Why Was the Potential Difference Introduced?......Page 60 2.13. Conditions for Charge Equilibrium in Conductors......Page 62 2.14. Electrometer......Page 63 2.15. What Is the Difference Between an Electrometer and an Electroscope?......Page 66 2.16. Earthing......Page 67 2.17. Measurement of the Potential Difference in Air. Electric Probe......Page 68 2.18. Electric Field of the Earth......Page 70 2.19. Simple Electric Field Configurations......Page 71 2.20. Charge Distribution in a Conductor. Faraday’s Cage......Page 73 2.21. Surface Charge Density......Page 77 2.22. Capacitors......Page 78 2.23. Types of Capacitors......Page 82 2.24. Parallel and Series Connection of Capacitors......Page 85 2.25. Dielectric Permittivity......Page 86 2.26. Why Is Electric Field Weakened in a Dielectric? Polarization of Dielectrics......Page 90 2.27. Energy of Charged Bodies. Energy of Electric Field......Page 92 3.1. Electric Current and Electromotive Force......Page 95 3.2. Manifestations of Electric Current......Page 100 3.3. Direction of Current......Page 103 3.4. Strength of Current......Page 104 3.5. “Velocity of Electric Current” and Velocity of Charge Carriers......Page 105 3.6. Galvanometer......Page 106 3.7. Voltage Distribution in a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 107 3.8. Ohm’s Law......Page 109 3.9 Resistance of Wires......Page 111 3.10. Temperature Dependence of Resistance......Page 114 3.11. Superconductivity......Page 116 3.12. Series and Parallel Connection of Wires......Page 118 3.13. Rheostats......Page 121 3.14. Voltage Distribution in a Circuit. “Losses” in Wires......Page 122 3.15. Voltmeter......Page 124 3.16. What Must Be the Resistances of a Voltmeter and an Ammeter?......Page 125 3.17. Shunting of Measuring Instruments......Page 126 4.1. Heating by Current. Joule's Law......Page 128 4.2. Work Done by Electric Current......Page 129 4.3. Power of a Current......Page 130 4.5. Electric Heating Appliances. Electric Furnaces......Page 132 4.6. Design of Heating Appliances......Page 134 4.7. Incandescent Lamps......Page 135 4.8. Short-Circuiting. Fuses......Page 137 4.9. Electric Wiring......Page 139 5.1. Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis......Page 141 5.2. Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis......Page 143 5.3. Ionic Conduction in Electrolytes......Page 145 5.4. Motion o f Ions in Electrolytes......Page 147 5.5. Elementary Electric Charge......Page 148 5.6. Primary and Secondary Processes in Electrolysis......Page 149 5.7. Electrolytic Dissociation......Page 151 5.8. Graduating Ammeters with the Help of Electrolysis......Page 152 5.9. Technical Applications of Electrolysis......Page 153 6.1. Introduction. Volta’s Discovery......Page 157 6.2. Volta’s Rule. Galvanic Cell......Page 158 6.3. Emergence of EMF and Current in a Galvanic Cell......Page 161 6.4. Polarization of Electrodes......Page 166 6.5. Depolarization in Galvanic Cells......Page 168 6.6. Accumulators......Page 169 6.7. Ohm’s Law for Closed Circuits......Page 172 6.8. Voltage Across the Terminals of a Current Source and EMF......Page 174 6.9. Connection of Current Sources......Page 177 6.10. Thermocouples......Page 181 6.11. Thermocouples as Generators......Page 183 6.12. Measurement of Temperature with the Help of Thermocouples......Page 184 7.1. Electron Conduction in Metals......Page 188 7.2. Structure of Metals......Page 191 7.3. Reasons Behind Electric Resistance......Page 192 7.4. Work Function......Page 193 7.5. Emission of Electrons by Incandescent Bodies......Page 194 8.2. Induced Conduction in a Gas......Page 197 8.3. Spark Discharge......Page 201 8.4. Lightning......Page 204 8.5. Corona Discharge......Page 205 8.6. Applications of Corona Discharge......Page 206 8.7. Lightning Conductor......Page 208 8.8. Electric Arc......Page 209 8.9. Applications of Arc Discharge......Page 212 8.10. Glow Discharge......Page 213 8.11. What Occurs During a Glow Discharge?......Page 214 8.12. Cathode Rays......Page 215 8.13. Nature of Cathode Rays......Page 217 8.14. Canal (Positive) Rays......Page 222 8.15. Electron Conduction in a High Vacuum......Page 223 8.16. Electron Tubes......Page 224 8.17. Cathode-Ray Tube......Page 228 9.1. Nature of Electric Current in Semiconductors......Page 231 9.2. Motion of Electrons in Semiconductors, p- and n-Type Semiconductors......Page 234 9.3. Semiconductor Rectifiers......Page 238 9.4. Semiconductor Photocells......Page 243 10.1. Natural and Artificial Magnets......Page 244 10.2. Poles of a Magnet and Its Neutral Zone......Page 246 10.3. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current......Page 249 10.4. Magnetic Effects of Currents and Permanent Magnets......Page 251 10.5. Origin of the Magnetic Field of Permanent Magnets. Coulomb’s Experiment......Page 257 10.6. Ampere’s Hypothesis on Elementary Currents......Page 260 11.1. Magnetic Field and Its Manifestations. Magnetic Induction......Page 262 11.2. Magnetic Moment. Unit of Magnetic Induction......Page 264 11.3. Measurement of Magnetic Induction with the Help of Magnetic Needle......Page 265 11.4. Composition of Magnetic Fields......Page 266 11.5. Magnetic Field Lines......Page 267 11.6. Instruments for Measuring Magnetic Induction......Page 269 12.1.Magnetic Field of a Straight Conductor and of a Circular Current Loop. Right-Hand Screw Rule......Page 271 12.2. Magnetic Field of a Solenoid. Equivalence of a Solenoid and a Bar Magnet......Page 274 12.3. Magnetic Field in a Solenoid. Magnetic Field Strength......Page 277 12.4. Magnetic Field of Moving Charges......Page 279 13.1. Magnetic Field of the Earth......Page 281 13.2. Dements of the Earth's Magnetism......Page 283 13.3. Magnetic Anomalies and Magnetometric Prospecting of Mineral Resources......Page 286 13.4. Time Variation of Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. Magnetic Storms......Page 287 14.2. Effect of a Magnetic Field on a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor. Left-Hand Rule......Page 288 14.3. Effect of a Magnetic Field on a Current Loop or on a Solenoid......Page 293 14.4. Galvanometer Based on Interaction of Magnetic Field and Current......Page 298 14.5. Lorentz Force......Page 300 14.6. Lorentz Force and Aurora Borealis......Page 304 15.1. Conditions for Emergence of Induced Current......Page 307 15.2. Direction of Induced Current. Lenz’s Law......Page 313 15.3. Basic Law of Electromagnetic Induction......Page 317 15.4. Induced EMF......Page 319 15.5. Electromagnetic Induction and Lorentz Force......Page 322 15.6. Induced Currents in Bulky Conductors. Foucault Currents......Page 323 16.1. Magnetic Permeability of Iron......Page 327 16.2. Permeability of Different Materials. Paramagnetics and Diamagnetics......Page 331 16.3. Motion of Paramagnetics and Diamagnetics in a Magnetic Field. Faraday’s Experiments......Page 333 16.4. Molecular Theory of Magnetism......Page 335 16.5. Magnetic Protection......Page 336 16.6. Properties of Ferromagnetics......Page 338 16.7. Fundamentals of the Theory of Ferromagnetism......Page 343 17.1. Constant and Alternating Electromotive Force......Page 346 17.2. Experimental Investigation of the Form of an Alternating Current. Oscillograph......Page 350 17.3. Amplitude, Frequency and Phase of Sinusoidal Alternating Current and Voltage......Page 352 17.4. Strength of Alternating Current......Page 356 17.5. A.C. Ammeters and Voltmeters......Page 357 17.6. Self-Induction......Page 358 17.7. Inductance of a Coil......Page 361 17.8. Alternating Current Through a Capacitor and a Large- Inductance Coil......Page 362 17.9. Ohm’s Law for Alternating Current. Capacitive and Inductive Reactances......Page 365 17.10. Summation of Currents for Parallel Connection of Elements in an A. C. Circuit......Page 367 17.11. Summation of Voltages in Series Connection of Elements of an A.C. Circuit......Page 371 7.12. Phase Shift Between Current and Voltage......Page 372 17.13. Power of Alternating Current......Page 377 17.14. Transformers......Page 378 17.15. Centralized Production and Distribution of Electric Power......Page 384 17.16. Rectification of Alternating Current......Page 386 18.1. A.C. Generators......Page 391 18.3. Separately Excited and Self-Excited Generators......Page 403 18.4. Three-Phase Current......Page 407 18.5. Three-Phase Electric Motor......Page 412 18.6. D.C. Motors......Page 420 18.7. Basic Operating Characteristics and Features of D.C. Motors with Shunt and Series Excitation......Page 423 18.9. Reversibility of D. C. Generators......Page 429 18.10. Electromagnets......Page 431 18.11. Application of Electromagnets......Page 433 18.12. Relays and Their Application in Engineering and Automatic Control......Page 435 18.2. D.C. Generators......Page 395 Answers and Solutions......Page 437 2. Factors and Prefixes Used with the SI Units......Page 447 Index......Page 448 Back Jacket......Page 457 Back Cover......Page 458