Anthropology in Medical Education: Sustaining Engagement and Impact

Description

This volume reflects on how anthropologists have engaged in medical education and aims to positively influence the future careers of anthropologists who are currently engaged or are considering a career in medical education.  The volume is essential for medical educators, administrators, researchers, and practitioners, those interested in the history of medicine, global health, sociology of health and illness, medical and applied anthropology. For over a century, anthropologists have served in many roles in medical education: teaching, curriculum development, administration, research, and planning. Recent changes in medical education focusing on diversity, social determinants of health, and more humanistic patient-centered care have opened the door for more anthropologists in medical schools. The chapter authors describe various ways in which anthropologists have engaged and are currently involved in training physicians, in various countries, as well as potential new directions in this field. Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Anthropological Engagement in Medical Education: An Introduction About This Book Medical School Culture Beyond Cultural Competency Ethics and Humanities Addressing Socio-cultural Determinants of Health and Health Disparities References Part I: Medical School Culture Chapter 2: Anthropologists in Medical Education in the United States: 1890s to the Present Introduction Methods Medicine and Early Anthropological Roles in Medical Education Scientific Medicine and the Consolidation of Biomedicine The Flexner Report Early Contributions of Physical Anthropologists to Medicine Shift from Physical Anthropology to Cultural Anthropology in the Practice of Medicine Foundations of Theoretical Models in the 1970s Community Medicine and Clinical Care Community Medicine and Medical Education: 1960s-1980s Miami Health Ecology Project Clinical Anthropology: 1980s and Beyond Transcultural Nursing Occupational Therapy Psychiatry Family Medicine Medical Humanities MD/PhD in Anthropology Programs Continuous ``Anthropological´´ Themes in Medical Education Culture of Biomedicine From Cultural Competence to Cultural Humility and Integrative Medicine From Culture and Communities to Social Determinants of Health and Structural Violence Conclusions References Chapter 3: Beyond Moralism in Medical Education: The Making of Physician-Anthropologists for the Study of Good Care in France A Brief Introduction to French Medical Folklore Humanities as Moral Education Beyond a Chorus of Complaints in Medical Education The Making of Physician-Anthropologists in Psychiatry Conclusion References Chapter 4: Managing Uncertainty: Collaborative Clinical Case Conferences for Physicians and Anthropologists in Japan The State of Anthropology in Medical Education in Japan Confronting Uncertainty Beginning Collaboration Between Physicians and Anthropologists The Structure of a Collaborative Clinical Case Conference Selection of a Case Enrichment of the Sociocultural Aspect of the Case On the Day of a CCCC Cases and Comments Reaching a National Audience: CCCCs at the Japanese Primary Care Association (JPCA) Annual Meeting Staff´s Reflections Physician Staff´s Reflections Anthropologists´ Reflections Further Expanding the Impacts Trials at C Medical School The Variability of Anthropology Conclusion References Chapter 5: How Medical Students in the United Kingdom Think: About Anthropology, for Example Introduction The Place of the `Alley Cats´ in Medical Education in the UK Ethnographic Research in Two UK Medical Schools Context and Field Sites Ethnographic Fieldwork at NEMS Autoethnography at Keele´s School of Medicine Ethics The Invisibility of Anthropology Institutional Slang Topics Versus Disciplines The Hidden Curriculum: `Fluffy´ Versus `Real´ Medicine Social Science Teaching Social Science Learning Professional Status of Social Scientists in Medical Education Sustained Engagement with Anthropology in Medical Education References Chapter 6: Anthropologist as University Strategic Planner Envisioning a New Medical School with a Focus on Community-Based Care Introduction Career Experiences Native American Health and Healing University of Oklahoma: Anthropology Department University of Oklahoma Medical School: Interdisciplinary Social Scientists University of Oklahoma Medical School: Urban Indian Clinic University of Oklahoma Medical School: Department of Psychiatry University of Oklahoma Medical School: Epidemiology Department Plains Apache Tribe: OU Stovall Museum of Science and History University of Miami Medical School: Department of Psychiatry, Office of Transcultural Education and Research University of Miami Department of Psychiatry: Neighborhood Family Services Florida International University: Sociology/Anthropology Department, and Southeast Florida Center on Aging Florida International University: Accreditation Florida International University: Academic Policies and Procedures Florida International University: Strategic Planner Florida International University: Medical School Concept Committee Lessons from the Perspective of a Planner Biomedical Hegemony Value of Ethnography and Methods Maintaining an Anthropologist Professional Role and Identity Applying Anthropological Theory and Directing Organizational Culture Conclusion References Part II: Beyond Cultural Competency Chapter 7: Participatory Anthropology for Teaching Behavioral Sciences at a Medical School in Zambia Introduction The Place and Role of an Anthropologist in a School of Medicine The Structure of Modern Medical Education Sample Case Study: Participant Observation and the Importance of Context The Challenging Experiences at the Medical School: Barriers and then Progress The Dream House: The Importance of Communication Participatory Anthropology as a Strategy Reflecting on the Evaluation of the BS Course: Lessons Learned and Looking Forward Sustaining Anthropological Engagement in Medical Education and Way Forward References Chapter 8: From the Patient´s Point of View: An Anthropological Response to Medicine´s Social Responsibility in Canadian Medic... Introduction Policy, Healthcare, and Medical Education The Role of Anthropology in the Curriculum Design Evaluating Non-traditional Coursework Policy, Healthcare, and Medical Education Faculty Students Anthropology in the Medical Curriculum Patient Experience: Phenomenological Accounts The Social Milieu of Health Care Final Reflections References Chapter 9: Medical Anthropology Teaching at the National Autonomous University of Mexico Medical School: A Reflexive Analysis ... Introduction Background: The History of Anthropology Instruction Within UNAM Medical School Teaching Concepts Tailored to the Mexican Social Context Diversity vs. Pluriculturality/Interculturality Social Determinants of Health Humanistic, Patient-Centered Care How Anthropological Concepts Unfold in Contemporary Mexican Medical Education The Medical Degree: The 2010 Competency-Based Curriculum Graduate Degrees in Medical Anthropology Certificate-Granting Workshops Successes and Limitations Future Directions Recommendations for Integrating Anthropology into Medical School Curriculums References Part III: Ethics and Humanities Chapter 10: Translation Without Medicalization: Ethnographic Notes on the Planning and Development of a Health Humanities Prog... Introduction Context and Structure The Health Humanities Work Group Making Space and Stitching Pieces Together Convening Faculty Dialogical Engagement, Iterative Processes, and Education Investment Working Across Schools/Disciplines The Liminal Road Between Towers: Anthropology and Medicine-An Ethnographer´s Experience Conclusion References Chapter 11: Wearing a Cloak and Many Hats: Expectations of Anthropologists in an Academic Health Science Center in Texas Humanities, Anthropology and Medical Education Wearing a Cloak and Many Hats: Strategies of Legitimation Strategies of Legitimation: The Interprofessionalism Hat (Macdonald) Strategies of Legitimation: Crowder-The Role of the Arts in Medicine Evolving the HEP2 Curriculum The Creative Expressions Project (2012-2015) Conclusion: Obstacles and Opportunities References Chapter 12: Inclusivity in Medical Education: Teaching Integrative and Alternative Medicine in Kentucky Introduction Medical Education and the Standard Curriculum Elective Courses in Integrative and Alternative Medicine The Nineteenth Century American Medical Landscape The Flexner Report Global Perspectives Evidence-Based Medicine Personalized Medicine and the Direct to Consumer Movement Career Pathways for Medical Students Final Thoughts References Part IV: Addressing Socio-cultural Determinants of Health and Health Disparities Chapter 13: Anthropology in the Implementation of a New Medical School in South Florida Introduction Development and Implementation of the Medicine and Society Curriculum A Note on Teaching Cultural Competency Interprofessional Teamwork Transitions and Alternative Roles in Medical Education Challenges and Strategies for More Effectively Teaching in Medicine Philosophical Isolation and Its Antidote Thriving Within the ``Status Gap´´ Working with Increasingly Diverse Medical Students Developing Empathy for Medical Students Focusing on Clinical Relevance Establishing a Common Language Conveying Complex Ideas Simply Conclusions References Chapter 14: Anthropologists on Interprofessional Health Education Teams: A Model from Upstate New York Introduction Consortium on Culture and Medicine: Institutional Infrastructure Community Action Research and Education: Building Relationships and Capacity Social Determinants of Health: An Integrating Concept Route 90 Collaborative: Moving Beyond Syracuse Conclusion References Chapter 15: Using Anthropological Perspectives to Integrate Health Equity Across a Family Medicine Residency Program in New Me... Medical Anthropology Frameworks Setting Social Determinants of Health Curriculum Prior to Revisions Revisions and New Components of Curriculum with Anthropological Foundations Community Medicine Curriculum Care of Marginalized Populations Curriculum Health Policy Curriculum Longitudinal Health Equity Curriculum Challenges: Graduate Medical Education (GME) Structure Impact Lessons Learned References Part V: Conclusion Chapter 16: Contributions, Constraints, and Facilitations for Sustained Engagement of Anthropology in Medical Education Introduction Methods Contributions Ethnography Community Engagement and Understanding the Socio-cultural Context of Health Communication and Collaboration Skills Organizational Development and Management Constraints Science, Humanism, and What Counts as Evidence Clinical Relevance Funding and Research Constraints Status Gap Hidden Curriculum Medical Teacher Credentialing Identity Loss and Isolation Lack of Adequate Preparation for Roles in Medicine Facilitating Sustained Engagement and Impact Maintaining Anthropological Identity Making Anthropological Perspectives Palatable Changing the Culture of Anthropology: Training Anthropologists for Medical School Careers Institutional Supports References Index