An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory

Description

Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Where to Start -- 1.2. What this Book is and is Not, and How to Use It -- 1.3. Further Reading -- 2. Morphology: Starting with Words -- 2.1. Words Come in Categories -- 2.1.1. Affixes are often category and subcategory specific -- 2.1.2. Syntactic contexts sensitive to the same categories -- 2.1.3. Modifiers -- 2.1.4. Complementary distribution -- 2.2. Words are Made of Smaller Units: Morphemes -- 2.3. Morphemes Combine in Regular Ways -- 2.3.1. Compositionality -- 2.3.2. Affixation -- 2.3.3. Word structure -- 2.3.4. Selection and locality -- 2.3.5. Compounds -- 2.3.6. categorial status of affixes -- 2.4. Apparent Exceptions to the RHHR -- 2.4.1. Conversion -- 2.4.2. Further problems -- 2.5. Morphological Atoms -- 2.6. Compositionality and Recursion -- 2.7. Conclusion -- 2.7.1. Summary -- 2.7.2. What to remember -- 2.7.3. Puzzles and preview -- 2.7.4. Further exercises -- 2.7.5. Further reading -- 3. Syntactic Analysis Introduced -- 3.1. Word Order -- 3.2. Constituency -- 3.3. Syntactic Productivity -- 3.4. Substitution -- 3.5. Ellipsis -- 3.6. Coordination -- 3.6.1. Structure of coordinated constituents -- 3.6.2. Right node raising and gapping -- 3.7. Movement and Other Distortions -- 3.7.1. Topicalization -- 3.7.2. Cleft constructions -- 3.7.3. Pseudoclefts -- 3.8. Some More Complex Distortion Experiments, Briefly -- 3.8.1. Wh-movement -- 3.8.2. Heavy constituent shift -- 3.9. Some More Practice -- 3.10. Some Other Evidence of Constituency -- 3.10.1. Perception of click position -- 3.10.2. Memorization errors -- 3.10.3. Neurophysiological correlates of syntactic analysis -- 3.11. Conclusion -- 3.11.1. Summary -- 3.11.2. What to remember -- 3.11.3. Puzzles and preview -- 3.11.4. Further exercises -- 3.11.5. Further reading -- 4. Clauses -- 4.1. Full Clauses: CPs -- 4.2. Tense Phrase -- 4.3. Conclusion -- 4.3.1. Summary -- 4.3.2. What to remember -- 4.3.3. Puzzles and preview -- 4.3.4. Further exercises -- 4.3.5. Further reading -- 5. Other Phrases: A First Glance -- 5.1. Verb Phrases -- 5.1.1. V complements -- 5.1.2. V-adjunct compatibility -- 5.2. Determiner Phrases -- 5.3. Noun Phrases -- 5.4. Adjective Phrases -- 5.5. Prepositional Phrases -- 5.6. Ways to Talk About Tree Geometry -- 5.7. Conclusion -- 5.7.1. Summary: heads and lexical entries -- 5.7.2. What to remember -- 5.7.3. Puzzles and previews -- 5.7.4. Further exercises -- 5.7.5. Further reading -- 6. X-bar Theory and the Format of Lexical Entries -- 6.1. Review: The Model of Morphology -- 6.2. Building a Model of Syntax -- 6.3. Headedness -- 6.4. Internal Organization of Constituents -- 6.5. Some Consequences -- 6.5.1. Silent heads: D -- 6.5.2. Silent heads: T -- 6.5.3. Silent heads: C -- 6.6. Cross-categorial Symmetries -- 6.7. Subjects Across Categories: Small Clauses -- 6.8. Lexical Entries -- 6.8.1. short primer on thematic relations -- 6.8.2. general format of lexical entries -- 6.8.3. More lexical entries -- 6.9. Projection Principle and Locality -- 6.10. Cross-linguistic Variation -- 6.11. Conclusion -- 6.11.1. Summary: the model of syntax -- 6.11.2. What to remember -- 6.11.3. Puzzles and preview -- 6.11.4. Further exercises -- 6.11.5. Further reading -- 7. Binding and the Hierarchical Nature of Phrase Structure -- 7.1. Anaphors -- 7.1.1. Reflexive pronouns -- 7.1.2. Reciprocals -- 7.1.3. Summary and reformulation -- 7.2. Pronouns -- 7.2.1. Basic Principle B -- 7.2.2. complication: lack of complementary distribution -- 7.3. Non-pronominal Expressions -- 7.4. Binding Theory Summarized -- 7.5. Small Clauses and Binding Theory -- 7.6. Some Issues -- 7.6.1. Coreference without binding -- 7.6.2. Quantified antecedents -- 7.6.3. VP ellipsis -- 7.7. Cross-linguistic Variation -- 7.7.1. Reflexives -- 7.7.2. Pronouns -- 7.7.3. R-expressions -- 7.8. Learning About Binding Relations -- 7.9. Conclusion -- 7.9.1. Summary -- 7.9.2. What to remember -- 7.9.3. Puzzles and preview -- 7.9.4. Further exercises -- 7.9.5. Further readings -- 8. Apparent Violations of Locality of Selection -- 8.1. Setting the Stage -- 8.2. Topicalization: A First Case of Movement -- 8.3. Head Movement -- 8.3.1. distribution of English verbal forms -- 8.3.2. Subject-aux inversion: T-to-C movement -- 8.3.3. Head movement in DPs -- 8.3.4. Head movement: summary -- 8.4. Detecting Selection -- 8.4.1. Covariation -- 8.4.2. Very tight selection: idiom chunks and weather it -- 8.4.3. Case -- 8.4.4. Existential constructions -- 8.5. Phrasal Movements -- 8.5.1. Wh-questions -- 8.5.2. Raising to subject -- 8.5.3. EPP properties -- 8.5.4. Simple clauses and locality of selection -- 8.6. How Selection Drives Structure Building -- 8.7. Addressing some Previous Puzzles -- 8.8. Synthesis -- 8.9. Terminology and Notation -- 8.10. Conclusion -- 8.10.1. Summary -- 8.10.2. What to remember -- 8.10.3. Puzzles and preview -- 8.10.4. Further exercises -- 8.10.5. Further readings -- 9. Infinitival Complements: Raising and Control -- 9.1. Subject Control -- 9.2. Using the Theory: Control and Binding -- 9.2.1. Subject infinitives -- 9.2.2. PRO in infinitival complements -- 9.3. Interim Summary: Inventory of To-infinitival -- 9.4. Raising to Object/ECM and Object Control -- 9.5. Conclusion -- 9.5.1. Summary -- 9.5.2. What to remember -- 9.5.3. Puzzles and preview -- 9.5.4. Further exercises -- 9.5.5. Further reading -- 10. Wh-questions: Wh-movement and Locality -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.1.1. Wh-words -- 10.1.2. Some questions about wh-movement -- 10.2. Landing Site or Target Position of Wh-Movement -- 10.3. What Wh-movement Moves -- 10.4. Locality I: The Problem -- 10.4.1. A-over-A principle -- 10.4.2. constraints -- 10.4.3. Summary -- 10.5. Locality II: Theory of Constraints -- 10.5.1. Introduction -- 10.5.2. Subjacency -- 10.5.3. Bounding nodes: remarks -- 10.5.4. Extraction from DP: the subject condition -- 10.5.5. Summary -- 10.5.6. Independent evidence for successive cyclicity -- 10.5.7. Consequences -- 10.6. Special Cases -- 10.6.1. Subject extraction: complementizer-trace effects -- 10.6.2. Superiority: attract closest -- 10.6.3. Beyond subjacency: phases -- 10.6.4. Attract closest and phases -- 10.7. Conclusion -- 10.7.1. Summary -- 10.7.2. What to remember -- 10.7.3. Puzzles and preview -- 10.7.4. Further exercises -- 10.7.5. Further reading -- 11. Probing Structures -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Probing Derived Structures -- 11.2.1. Only -- 11.2.2. NPI licensing -- 11.3. Probing Underlying Structures -- 11.3.1. Quantifier floating: distribution of all -- 11.3.2. Also association -- 11.4. Probing with Binding -- 11.4.1. Principle A -- 11.4.2. Pronominal binding -- 11.4.3. Quantifier scope -- 11.5. Conclusion -- 11.5.1. Summary -- 11.5.2. What to remember -- 11.5.3. Puzzles and preview -- 11.5.4. Further exercises -- 11.5.5. Further reading -- 12. Inward Bound: Syntax and Morphology Atoms -- 12.1. Size of Atoms -- 12.2. Head Movement and the Head Movement Constraint -- 12.2.1. Lexical entry for T: formal features -- 12.2.2. Lexical entries and the head movement constraint -- 12.2.3. Possible lexical entries and the head movement constraint -- 12.3. Causative Affixes: Syntax or Morphology? -- 12.3.1. Causative verbs: built in the syntax? -- 12.3.2. Causative verbs: built in the morphology? -- 12.3.3. How to decide between these analyses? -- 12.3.4. Consequences -- 12.4. VP Shells -- 12.4.1. Anticausative verbs -- 12.4.2. optional agent selection account -- 12.4.3. Silent CAUS and pronounced causatives -- 12.4.4. Derivation direction -- 12.4.5. English suffixes -ify, -en -- 12.4.6. Generalized VP shells -- 12.5. Ternary Branching -- 12.6. Using VP Shells: VP Shells and Adjuncts -- 12.7. Terminological Changes -- 12.8. Raising to Object -- 12.9. Model of Morphosyntax -- 12.10. Conclusion -- 12.10.1. Summary -- 12.10.2. What to remember -- 12.10.3. Puzzles and preview -- 12.10.4. Further exercises -- 12.10.5. Further reading -- 13. Advanced Binding and Some Binding Typology -- 13.1. Basics: Reminders -- 13.2. Reminder About Principle A -- 13.3. Subjects of Tensed Clauses -- 13.4. VP shells and the Binding Theory -- 13.4.1. Revising binding domain for pronouns -- 13.4.2. Revising binding domain for anaphors -- 13.5. Binding Variation and Typology -- 13.5.1. Mainland Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) -- 13.5.2. Icelandic -- 13.5.3. Chinese -- 13.5.4. How exotic is all this? -- 13.6. Conclusion -- 13.6.1. Summary -- 13.6.2. What to remember -- 13.6.3. Puzzles and preview: exempt anaphora -- 13.6.4. Further exercises -- 13.6.5. Further readings -- 14. Wh-constructions -- 14.1. Diagnostic Properties of Wh-movement -- 14.2. Relative Clauses -- 14.2.1. Relative clauses involve wh-movement -- 14.2.2. Relative clauses with silent wh-phrases -- 14.2.3. Doubly filled Comp filter -- 14.2.4. Infinitival relatives -- 14.2.5. promotion analysis of relative clauses -- 14.3. Another Case of Null Operator Movement: Tough-Construction -- 14.4. Topicalization and Left Dislocation -- 14.5. Other Wh-movement Constructions -- 14.6. Conclusion -- 14.6.1. Summary -- 14.6.2. What to remember -- 14.6.3. Puzzles and preview.