Green Chemistry for Sustainable Water Purification

Description

Green Chemistry for Sustainable Water Purification provides systematic coverage of the most recent research and development in clean water treatment technologies based on green materials and nanocomposites. Providing safe drinking water is one of the top priorities for scientists and industrialists working on projects, and one particular problem is the contamination of groundwater with toxic organic and inorganic compounds released by various industries. The presence of contaminants or industrial effluents in drinking water systems has increasingly become a major environmental challenge. To address the problem, several methods, including ion exchange, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation, biological degradation, photocatalytic degradation, electro-coagulation, and adsorption, are in operation for removing or minimizing these wastes. The purification process of wastewater using conventional methods, however, has proved to be markedly ineffective, very difficult, and highly expensive. On the other hand, for the remediation of water resources, a concept like green chemistry, based on the application of biological agents including polymers, bacteria, and fungi, has received great scientific attention as it helps to avoid the toxic by-products of conventional techniques and enhances eco-friendly wastewater treatment approaches. This book discusses the different treatment technologies with a special focus on the green adsorption approach, using biological and hybrid biochemical treatment technologies to prevent water contamination and maintain the ecosystem. It discusses the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater. It also focuses on the removal and recovery of organic and inorganic contaminants from the environment and several case studies describing the removal and recovery of environmental pollutants using green technology are given. The recycling of low-cost along with green adsorbent technology is explained in detail. Finally, the book highlights treatment technologies with effective pollutant removal capacities that are used in modern water treatment units. Cover Half Title Also of Interest Green Chemistry for Sustainable Water Purification Copyright Contents Preface 1. Green Chemistry for Water Remediation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Challenges in Water Remediation 1.3 Green Chemistry as a Novel Alternative to Conventional Wastewater Treatment 1.3.1 Green Chemistry 1.3.2 Applications of Green Chemistry in Water Remediation 1.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 2. Advances in Wastewater Treatment Using Natural and Modified Zeolites 2.1 Global Impact of Wastewater Treatment 2.2 Different Wastewater Treatments 2.3 Technologies to Treat Chemical Industry Effluents 2.4 Oil–Water Separator—Treatment of Oily Effluent 2.5 Coagulation–Flocculation 2.6 Techniques for Treating Wastewater Using Adsorption 2.7 Adsorption of Dyes 2.8 Zeolite in Wastewater Treatment 2.9 Negative Impact of Heavy Metals on Health 2.9.1 Origin of Heavy Metal Exposure to Humans 2.9.1.1 Arsenic 2.9.1.2 Lead 2.9.1.3 Mercury 2.10 Wastewater Treatment Using Different Zeolites 2.10.1 Natural Zeolites 2.11 Treatment of Surface Waters, Ground, and Underground Waters 2.12 Drinking and Greywater Treatment 2.13 Heavy Metal Removal Comparison by Zeolites 2.13.1 Different Adsorbents Used to Remove Cr3+ 2.13.2 Different Adsorbents Employed for the Removal of Cd3+ 2.13.3 Removal of Cu2+ by Different Adsorbents 2.13.4 Different Adsorbents Used to Remove Pb2+ 2.13.5 Removal of Zn2+ by Different Adsorbents 2.14 Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics 2.15 Conclusion References 3. Sustainable Green Synergistic Emulsion Liquid Membrane Formulation for Metal Removal from Aqueous Waste Solution 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theoretical 3.2.1 Mass Transfer Mechanism in the ELM Process 3.2.2 Component Selection in the ELM 3.3 Experimental 3.3.1 Materials 3.3.2 Reactive Extraction Procedure 3.3.3 Determination and Calculations 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.1 Extraction of Metal Ions Using Single Carrier 3.4.2 Extraction of Metal Ions Using Mixed of Carriers 3.4.3 Approach to a Sustainable ELM Process 3.4.4 Prospect and Future Challenges in ELM Technology 3.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 4. Chemical Activation of Carbonized Neem Seed as an Effective Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Dye Adsorption 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Chemicals 4.2.2 Preparation of Adsorbent 4.2.3 Magnetic Activation Carbonized Neem Seed 4.2.4 Adsorbent Characterizations 4.2.5 Batch Adsorption Experiments 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Adsorption Studies 4.3.2 Adsorption Kinetics of RB Dye Removal 4.3.3 Adsorption Isotherms of RB Dye Removal 4.3.4 Thermodynamic of RB Dye Removal 4.4 Conclusions References 5. Green Water Treatment for Organic Pollutions: Photocatalytic Degradation Approach 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Solar Energy 5.3 Green Photocatalysis 5.4 Organic Pollutants 5.5 Reactive Species Responsible for Green Photocatalysis Treatment 5.6 Advancements in Photocatalysts 5.6.1 Titanium/Tin-Based Nanocomposite-Mediated Photocatalysis 5.6.2 Synthesis of Various Nanocomposites as Photocatalysts 5.6.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 5.7 Green Treatment of Pollutants 5.7.1 Photodegradation of Toxic Dyes 5.7.2 Photodegradation of Antibiotics 5.7.3 Photodegradation of Bisphenol BPA 5.8 Conclusion References 6. Treatment of Textile-Wastewater Using Green Technologies 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Textile Industries: Causes of Water Pollution 6.1.2 The Effect of Polluted Water Discharged From Textile Industries on the Environment 6.1.3 Various Techniques for Effluent Treatment 6.1.4 Physical Treatment Technique 6.1.4.1 Adsorption Method 6.1.4.2 Ion-Exchange Method 6.1.4.3 Floatation 6.1.5 Chemical Treatment Technique 6.1.5.1 Chemical Precipitation Method 6.1.5.2 Coagulation and Sedimentation Method 6.1.6 Chemical Oxidation 6.1.6.1 Ozonation Method 6.1.6.2 Fenton Oxidation Method 6.1.6.3 Evaporation 6.1.6.4 Solar Evaporation Method 6.1.7 Mechanical Evaporation Method 6.2 Green Water Treatment Technique for Textile Effluents 6.2.1 Electrocoagulation (EC) 6.2.2 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) 6.2.3 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) 6.2.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) 6.2.5 Effluent Treatment Using Enzymes 6.2.6 Membrane Filtration 6.2.7 Bioadsorbents Process for Effluent Treatment 6.2.7.1 Citrus Fruits 6.2.7.2 Coir Fiber 6.2.7.3 Coconut Shell–Activated Carbon 6.3 Conclusions References 7. Photocatalytic Activity of Green Mixed Matrix Membranes for Degradation of Anionic Dye 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials and Methods 7.2.1 Materials 7.2.2 Methods 7.2.2.1 Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles 7.2.2.2 Preparation of Natural Rubber Composites 7.2.3 Analysis 7.2.3.1 Micrograph Analysis 7.2.3.2 Structural Analysis 7.2.3.3 Thermal Analysis 7.2.3.4 Wetting Analysis 7.2.3.5 Photocatalytic Performance 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Composites Membranes 7.3.2 SEM-EDX of Composite Membranes 7.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Composite Membranes 7.3.4 Contact Angle Measurement of Composite Membranes 7.3.5 Photodegradation of Composite Membranes 7.4 Conclusion References 8. Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Advanced Approaches for Wastewater Treatment 8.2.1 Photocatalytic Method 8.2.1.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis 8.2.2 Nanomembranes Technology 8.2.2.1 Limitations and Future of the Nanomembranes Technology 8.2.3 Utilization of Nanosorbent for Wastewater Treatment 8.2.4 Microbial Fuel Cells as a Sustainable Technique 8.2.4.1 Mechanism and Application of MFCs in Wastewater Treatment 8.3 Conclusion and Future Recommendations Acknowledgments References 9. PDMS-Supported Composite Materials as Oil Absorbent 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fabrications Techniques of PDMS Sponges as Oil Absorbent 9.2.1 Sacrificial Templates 9.2.2 Emulsion Templating Method 9.2.3 Phase Separation Method 9.2.4 3D Printing Techniques 9.2.5 Gas-Forming Technique 9.3 PDMS Sponges as an Oil/Water Separation 9.4 Conclusion References 10. Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Anode for Bioelectrochemical Systems: A Review 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Conventional Anode Materials Based on Carbon 10.3 Modification of Anode with Nanomaterials Based on Carbon 10.4 Metal or Metal Oxide-Based Modified Anode 10.5 Polymer-Based Modified Anode 10.6 Polymer Nanocomposites for Anode Modification 10.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References 11. Electrospinning Setup Design and Modification for Fabrication of Photocatalytic Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Water Treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Application of Electrospun Nanofibers Polymeric Membranes (ENPM) on Wastewater Treatments 11.3 Improvements in Morphology and Physical Structure of ENPM 11.3.1 Surface Modification 11.3.2 Chemical Modification 11.4 Setup and Configurations of Electrospinning for Core-Sheath Structures of EPNM for Photocatalytic Membranes 11.4.1 Impacts of Electrospinning Set Up on EPNM Structures 11.4.1.1 Coaxial Electrospinning 11.4.1.2 Electrospinning and Electrospraying 11.4.1.3 Separation of the Melt Phase Technique 11.4.1.4 Process of Electrospinning and Precipitation 11.5 Future Directions and Challenges 11.6 Conclusion 11.7 Acknowledgment References Index