Principles of Foundation Engineering, 9th Edition, SI Edition

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Cover Contents Preface MindTap Online Course Preface to the SI Edition About the Authors Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering 1.2 Foundation Engineering 1.3 Soil Exploration 1.4 Ground Improvement 1.5 Solution Methods 1.6 Numerical Modeling 1.7 Empiricism 1.8 Literature References Part 1: Geotechnical Properties and Soil Exploration Chapter 2: Geotechnical Properties of Soil 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Grain-Size Distribution 2.3 Size Limits for Soil 2.4 Weight-Volume Relationships 2.5 Relative Density 2.6 Atterberg Limits 2.7 Liquidity Index 2.8 Activity 2.9 Soil Classification Systems 2.10 Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil 2.11 Steady-State Seepage 2.12 Effective Stress 2.13 Consolidation 2.14 Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement 2.15 Time Rate of Consolidation 2.16 Range of Coefficient of Consolidation, cv 2.17 Degree of Consolidation under Ramp Loading 2.18 Shear Strength 2.19 Unconfined Compression Test 2.20 Comments on Friction Angle, Phi' 2.21 Correlations for Undrained Shear Strength, cu 2.22 Selection of Shear Strength Parameters 2.23 Sensitivity 2.24 Summary Problems References Chapter 3: Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Soil Origin 3.3 Residual Soil 3.4 Gravity-Transported Soil 3.5 Alluvial Deposits 3.6 Lacustrine Deposits 3.7 Glacial Deposits 3.8 Aeolian Soil Deposits 3.9 Organic Soil 3.10 Some Local Terms for Soil 3.11 Purpose of Subsurface Exploration 3.12 Subsurface Exploration Program 3.13 Exploratory Borings in the Field 3.14 Procedures for Sampling Soil 3.15 Split-Spoon Sampling and Standard Penetration Test 3.16 Sampling with a Scraper Bucket 3.17 Sampling with a Thin-Walled Tube 3.18 Sampling with a Piston Sampler 3.19 Observation of Water Tables 3.20 Vane Shear Test 3.21 Cone Penetration Test 3.22 Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 3.23 Dilatometer Test 3.24 Iowa Borehole Shear Test 3.25 K0 Stepped-Blade Test 3.26 Coring of Rocks 3.27 Preparation of Boring Logs 3.28 Geophysical Exploration 3.29 Subsoil Exploration Report 3.30 Summary Problems References Chapter 4: Instrumentation and Monitoring in Geotechnical Engineering 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Need for Instrumentation 4.3 Geotechnical Measurements 4.4 Geotechnical Instruments 4.5 Planning an Instrumentation Program 4.6 Typical Instrumentation Projects 4.7 Summary References Part 2: Soil Improvement Chapter 5: Soil Improvement and Ground Modification 5.1 Introduction 5.2 General Principles of Compaction 5.3 Empirical Relationships for Compaction 5.4 Field Compaction 5.5 Compaction Control for Clay Hydraulic Barriers 5.6 Vibroflotation 5.7 Blasting 5.8 Precompression 5.9 Sand Drains 5.10 Prefabricated Vertical Drains 5.11 Lime Stabilization 5.12 Cement Stabilization 5.13 Fly-Ash Stabilization 5.14 Stone Columns 5.15 Sand Compaction Piles 5.16 Dynamic Compaction 5.17 Jet Grouting 5.18 Deep Mixing 5.19 Summary Problems References Part 3: Foundation Analysis Chapter 6: Shallow Foundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity 6.1 Introduction 6.2 General Concept 6.3 Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory 6.4 Factor of Safety 6.5 Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table 6.6 The General Bearing Capacity Equation 6.7 Other Solutions for Bearing Capacity, Shape, and Depth Factors 6.8 Case Studies on Ultimate Bearing Capacity 6.9 Effect of Soil Compressibility 6.10 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations 6.11 Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric Loading-One-Way Eccentricity 6.12 Bearing Capacity-Two-Way Eccentricity 6.13 A Simple Approach for Bearing Capacity with Two-Way Eccentricity 6.14 Bearing Capacity of a Continuous Foundation Subjected to Eccentrically Inclined Loading 6.15 Plane-Strain Correction of Friction Angle 6.16 Summary Problems References Chapter 7: Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations: Special Cases 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Foundation Supported by a Soil with a Rigid Base at Shallow Depth 7.3 Foundations on Layered Clay 7.4 Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil: Stronger Soil Underlain by Weaker Soil (c' - Phi' Soil) 7.5 Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil: Weaker Soil Underlain by Stronger Soil 7.6 Continuous Foundation on Weak Clay with a Granular Trench 7.7 Closely Spaced Foundations-Effect on Ultimate Bearing Capacity 7.8 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope 7.9 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on a Slope 7.10 Seismic Bearing Capacity and Settlement in Granular Soil 7.11 Foundations on Rock 7.12 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Wedge-Shaped Foundations 7.13 Uplift Capacity of Foundations 7.14 Summary Problems References Chapter 8: Vertical Stress Increase in Soil 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Stress Due to a Concentrated Load 8.3 Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area 8.4 Stress Due to a Line Load 8.5 Stress below a Vertical Strip Load of Finite Width and Infinite Length 8.6 Stress below a Horizontal Strip Load of Finite Width and Infinite Length 8.7 Stress below a Rectangular Area 8.8 Stress Isobars 8.9 Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area 8.10 Average Vertical Stress Increase below the Center of a Circularly Loaded Area 8.11 Stress Increase under an Embankment 8.12 Westergaard's Solution for Vertical Stress Due to a Point Load 8.13 Stress Distribution for Westergaard Material 8.14 Summary Problems References Chapter 9: Settlement of Shallow Foundations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Elastic Settlement of Shallow Foundation on Saturated Clay (Micro s = 0.5) 9.3 Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 9.4 Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement 9.5 Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor 9.6 Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on Standard Penetration Resistance 9.7 Settlement Considering Soil Stiffness Variation with Stress Level 9.8 Settlement Based on Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 9.9 Settlement Estimation Using the L1 - L2 Method 9.10 Effect of the Rise of Water Table on Elastic Settlement 9.11 Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships 9.12 Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation Settlement 9.13 Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation 9.14 Field Load Test 9.15 Presumptive Bearing Capacity 9.16 Tolerable Settlement of Buildings 9.17 Summary Problems References Chapter 10: Mat Foundations 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Combined Footings 10.3 Common Types of Mat Foundations 10.4 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations 10.5 Differential Settlement of Mats 10.6 Field Settlement Observations for Mat Foundations 10.7 Compensated Foundation 10.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 10.9 Summary Problems References Chapter 11: Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Design Philosophy 11.3 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) 11.4 Limit State Design (LSD) and Partial Safety Factors 11.5 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 11.6 Summary Problems References Chapter 12: Pile Foundations 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pile Materials 12.3 Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Piles 12.4 Point Bearing and Friction Piles 12.5 Installation of Piles 12.6 Pile Driving 12.7 Load Transfer Mechanism 12.8 Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity 12.9 Meyerhof's Method for Estimating Qp 12.10 Vesic's Method for Estimating Qp 12.11 Coyle and Castello's Method for Estimating Qp in Sand 12.12 Correlations for Calculating Qp with SPT and CPT Results in Granular Soil 12.13 Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand 12.14 Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay 12.15 Ultimate Capacity of Continuous Flight Auger Pile 12.16 Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock 12.17 Pile Load Tests 12.18 Elastic Settlement of Piles 12.19 Laterally Loaded Piles 12.20 Pile-Driving Formulas 12.21 Pile Capacity for Vibration-Driven Piles 12.22 Wave Equation Analysis 12.23 Negative Skin Friction 12.24 Group Efficiency 12.25 Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay 12.26 Elastic Settlement of Group Piles 12.27 Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles 12.28 Piles in Rock 12.29 Summary Problems References Chapter 13: Drilled-Shaft Foundations 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Types of Drilled Shafts 13.3 Construction Procedures 13.4 Other Design Considerations 13.5 Load Transfer Mechanism 13.6 Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity 13.7 Load-Bearing Capacity in Granular Soil 13.8 Load-Bearing Capacity in Granular Soil Based on Settlement 13.9 Load-Bearing Capacity in Clay 13.10 Load-Bearing Capacity in Clay Based on Settlement 13.11 Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load 13.12 Lateral Load-Carrying Capacity-Characteristic Load and Moment Method 13.13 Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock 13.14 Summary Problems References Chapter 14: Piled Rafts: An Overview 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Load-Settlement Plots of Unpiled and Piled Rafts under Different Design Conditions 14.3 Poulos-Davis-Randolph Simplified Design Method 14.4 Case Study: Burj Khalifa Tower in Dubai 14.5 Summary Problems References Chapter 15: Foundations on Difficult Soil 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definition and Types of Collapsible Soil 15.3 Physical Parameters for Identification 15.4 Procedure for Calculating Collapse Settlement 15.5 Foundations in Soil Not Susceptible to Wetting 15.6 Foundations in Soil Susceptible to Wetting 15.7 General Nature of Expansive Soil 15.8 Unrestrained Swell Test 15.9 Swelling Pressure Test 15.10 Classification of Expansive Soil on the Basis of Index Tests 15.11 Foundation Considerations for Expansive Soil 15.12 Construction on Expansive Soil 15.13 General Nature of Sanitary Landfills 15.14 Settlement of Sanitary Landfills 15.15 Summary Problems References Part 4: Lateral Earth Pressure and Earth Retaining Structures Chapter 16: Lateral Earth Pressure 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest 16.3 Rankine Active Earth Pressure 16.4 A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure-Granular Backfill 16.5 Generalized Case for Rankine Seismic Active Earth Pressure-Granular Backfill 16.6 Rankine Active Pressure with Vertical Wall Backface and Inclined c' - Phi' Soil Backfill 16.7 Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure 16.8 Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge 16.9 Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions-Granular Backfill 16.10 Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Condition (Vertical Backface of Wall and c' - Phi' Backfill) 16.11 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure 16.12 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure-Vertical Backface and Inclined Backfill 16.13 Coulomb's Passive Earth Pressure 16.14 Comments on the Failure Surface Assumption for Coulomb's Pressure Calculations 16.15 Caquot and Kerisel Solution for Passive Earth Pressure (Granular Backfill) 16.16 Solution for Passive Earth Pressure by the Lower Bound Theorem of Plasticity (Granular Backfill) 16.17 Passive Force on Walls with Earthquake Forces 16.18 Summary Problems References Chapter 17: Retaining Walls 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Proportioning Retaining Walls 17.3 Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design 17.4 Stability of Retaining Walls 17.5 Check for Overturning 17.6 Check for Sliding along the Base 17.7 Check for Bearing Capacity Failure 17.8 Construction Joints and Drainage from Backfill 17.9 Comments on Design of Retaining Walls and a Case Study 17.10 Gravity Retaining-Wall Design for Earthquake Conditions 17.11 Soil Reinforcement 17.12 Considerations in Soil Reinforcement 17.13 General Design Considerations 17.14 Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement 17.15 Step-by-Step-Design Procedure Using Metallic Strip Reinforcement 17.16 Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement 17.17 Retaining Walls with Geogrid Reinforcement-General 17.18 Design Procedure for Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Wall 17.19 Summary Problems References Chapter 18: Sheet-Pile Walls 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Construction Methods 18.3 Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls 18.4 Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soil 18.5 Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating a Sandy Soil 18.6 Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Clay 18.7 Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating Clay 18.8 Cantilever Sheet Piles Penetrating Sandy Soil-A Simplified Approach 18.9 Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls 18.10 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy Soil-A Simplified Approach 18.11 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy Soil-Net Lateral Pressure Method 18.12 Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method (Penetration into Sandy Soil) 18.13 Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls Penetrating into Sand 18.14 Computational Pressure Diagram Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil 18.15 Field Observations for Anchor Sheet-Pile Walls 18.16 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay 18.17 Anchors 18.18 Holding Capacity of Deadman Anchors 18.19 Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Sand 18.20 Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Clay (Phi = 0 Condition) 18.21 Ultimate Resistance of Tiebacks 18.22 Summary Problems References Chapter 19: Braced Cuts 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Braced-Cut Analysis Based on General Wedge Theory 19.3 Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design 19.4 Pressure Envelope for Cuts in Layered Soil 19.5 Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut 19.6 Case Studies of Braced Cuts 19.7 Bottom Heave of a Cut in Clay 19.8 Stability of the Bottom of a Cut in Sand 19.9 Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement 19.10 Summary Problems References Answers to Problems Index