The Science and Engineering of Materials

Description

Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 17 About The Authors......Page 21 Ch 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering......Page 24 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 25 1-1: What is Materials Science and Engineering?......Page 26 1-2: Classification of Materials......Page 29 1-3: Functional Classification of Materials......Page 32 1-5: Environmental and Other Effects......Page 34 1-6: Materials Design and Selection......Page 36 Summary......Page 37 Glossary......Page 38 Problems......Page 39 Ch 2: Atomic Structure......Page 42 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 43 2-1: The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance......Page 44 2-2: The Structure of the Atom......Page 47 2-3: The Electronic Structure of the Atom......Page 48 2-4: The Periodic Table......Page 51 2-5: Atomic Bonding......Page 53 2-6: Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing......Page 59 2-7: The Many Forms of Carbon: Relationships between Arrangements of Atoms and Materials Properties......Page 62 Summary......Page 66 Glossary......Page 67 Problems......Page 69 Ch 3: Atomic and Ionic Arrangements......Page 72 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 73 3-1: Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order......Page 74 3-3: Lattice, Basis, Unit Cells, and Crystal Structures......Page 76 3-4: Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations......Page 88 3-5: Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell......Page 89 3-6: Interstitial Sites......Page 98 3-7: Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials......Page 100 3-8: Covalent Structures......Page 106 3-9: Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis......Page 109 Summary......Page 113 Glossary......Page 114 Problems......Page 116 Ch 4: Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements......Page 124 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 125 4-1: Point Defects......Page 126 4-2: Other Point Defects......Page 131 4-3: Dislocations......Page 133 4-4: Significance of Dislocations......Page 139 4-5: Schmid's Law......Page 140 4-6: Influence of Crystal Structure......Page 142 4-7: Surface Defects......Page 144 4-8: Importance of Defects......Page 150 Glossary......Page 153 Problems......Page 155 Ch 5: Atom and Ion Movements in Materials......Page 162 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 163 5-1: Applications of Diffusion......Page 164 5-2: Stability of Atoms and Ions......Page 167 5-3: Mechanisms for Diffusion......Page 169 5-4: Activation Energy for Diffusion......Page 170 5-5: Rate of Diffusion [Fick's First Law]......Page 171 5-6: Factors Affecting Diffusion......Page 175 5-7: Permeability of Polymers......Page 181 5-8: Composition Profile [Fick's Second Law]......Page 182 5-9: Diffusion and Materials Processing......Page 187 Summary......Page 191 Glossary......Page 192 Problems......Page 194 Ch 6: Mechanical Properties: Part One......Page 202 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 203 6-1: Technological Significance......Page 204 6-2: Terminology for Mechanical Properties......Page 205 6-3: The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress Strain Diagram......Page 207 6-4: Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test......Page 212 6-5: True Stress and True Strain......Page 219 6-6: The Bend Test for Brittle Materials......Page 221 6-7: Hardness of Materials......Page 224 6-8: Nanoindentation......Page 225 6-9: Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior......Page 229 6-10: Properties Obtained from the Impact Test......Page 230 6-11: Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Mechanical Behavior......Page 232 6-12: Mechanical Behavior at Small Length Scales......Page 235 6-13: Rheology of Liquids......Page 237 Summary......Page 239 Glossary......Page 240 Problems......Page 242 Ch 7: Mechanical Properties: Part Two......Page 250 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 251 7-1: Fracture Mechanics......Page 252 7-2: The Importance of Fracture Mechanics......Page 255 7-3: Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials......Page 258 7-4: Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites......Page 261 7-5: Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis......Page 263 7-6: Fatigue......Page 267 7-7: Results of the Fatigue Test......Page 269 7-8: Application of Fatigue Testing......Page 271 7-9: Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion......Page 274 7-10: Evaluation of Creep Behavior......Page 276 7-11: Use of Creep Data......Page 278 Summary......Page 279 Glossary......Page 280 Problems......Page 281 Ch 8: Strain Hardening and Annealing......Page 290 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 291 8-1: Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress Strain Curve......Page 292 8-2: Strain-Hardening Mechanisms......Page 296 8-3: Properties versus Percent Cold Work......Page 298 8-4: Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses......Page 300 8-5: Characteristics of Cold Working......Page 304 8-6: The Three Stages of Annealing......Page 307 8-7: Control of Annealing......Page 309 8-8: Annealing and Materials Processing......Page 311 8-9: Hot Working......Page 313 Summary......Page 314 Glossary......Page 315 Problems......Page 317 Ch 9: Principles of Solidification......Page 326 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 327 9-1: Technological Significance......Page 328 9-2: Nucleation......Page 329 9-3: Applications of Controlled Nucleation......Page 333 9-4: Growth Mechanisms......Page 334 9-5: Solidification Time and Dendrite Size......Page 336 9-6: Cooling Curves......Page 340 9-7: Cast Structure......Page 341 9-8: Solidification Defects......Page 343 9-9: Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components......Page 347 9-10: Continuous Casting and Ingot Casting......Page 349 9-11: Directional Solidification [DS], Single Crystal Growth, and Epitaxial Growth......Page 353 9-12: Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses......Page 354 9-13: Joining of Metallic Materials......Page 355 Summary......Page 357 Glossary......Page 358 Problems......Page 360 Ch 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium......Page 370 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 371 10-1: Phases and the Phase Diagram......Page 372 10-2: Solubility and Solid Solutions......Page 375 10-3: Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility......Page 378 10-4: Solid-Solution Strengthening......Page 379 10-5: Isomorphous Phase Diagrams......Page 381 10-6: Relationship between Properties and the Phase Diagram......Page 389 10-7: Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy......Page 390 10-8: Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation......Page 392 Summary......Page 395 Glossary......Page 396 Problems......Page 398 Ch 11: Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams......Page 406 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 407 11-1: Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening......Page 408 11-2: Intermetallic Compounds......Page 409 11-3: Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions......Page 411 11-4: The Eutectic Phase Diagram......Page 413 11-5: Strength of Eutectic Alloys......Page 423 11-6: Eutectics and Materials Processing......Page 428 11-7: Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System......Page 429 11-8: Nanowires and the Eutectic Phase Diagram......Page 430 Summary......Page 432 Glossary......Page 433 Problems......Page 434 Ch 12: Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations and Heat Treatment......Page 442 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 443 12-1: Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions......Page 444 12-2: Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit......Page 448 12-3: Age or Precipitation Hardening and Its Applications......Page 450 12-4: Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening......Page 451 12-5: Effects of Aging Temperature and Time......Page 454 12-7: Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures......Page 455 12-8: The Eutectoid Reaction......Page 456 12-9: Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction......Page 460 12-10: The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering......Page 465 12-11: The Shape-Memory Alloys [SMAs]......Page 469 Summary......Page 470 Glossary......Page 471 Problems......Page 472 Ch 13: Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons......Page 482 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 483 13-1: Designations and Classification of Steels......Page 484 13-2: Simple Heat Treatments......Page 487 13-3: Isothermal Heat Treatments......Page 490 13-4: Quench and Temper Heat Treatments......Page 493 13-5: Effect of Alloying Elements......Page 497 13-6: Application of Hardenability......Page 499 13-7: Specialty Steels......Page 502 13-8: Surface Treatments......Page 504 13-9: Weldability of Steel......Page 506 13-10: Stainless Steels......Page 507 13-11: Cast Irons......Page 510 Summary......Page 515 Glossary......Page 516 Problems......Page 518 Ch 14: Nonferrous Alloys......Page 524 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 525 14-1: Aluminum Alloys......Page 526 14-2: Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys......Page 532 14-3: Copper Alloys......Page 533 14-4: Nickel and Cobalt Alloys......Page 537 14-5: Titanium Alloys......Page 540 14-6: Refractory and Precious Metals......Page 546 Glossary......Page 547 Problems......Page 548 Ch 15: Ceramics......Page 552 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 553 15-1: Bonding in Ceramics......Page 555 15-2: Structures of Crystalline Ceramics......Page 557 15-3: Defects in Crystalline Ceramics......Page 560 15-4: Flaws in Ceramics......Page 563 15-5: Synthesis and Processing of Crystalline Ceramics......Page 566 15-6: Silica and Silicate Compounds......Page 571 15-7: Inorganic Glasses......Page 573 15-8: Glass-Ceramics......Page 579 15-9: Processing and Applications of Clay Products......Page 580 15-10: Refractories......Page 582 15-11: Other Ceramic Materials......Page 584 Glossary......Page 586 Problems......Page 588 Ch 16: Polymers......Page 592 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 593 16-1: Classification of Polymers......Page 594 16-2: Addition and Condensation Polymerization......Page 597 16-3: Degree of Polymerization......Page 601 16-4: Typical Thermoplastics......Page 603 16-5: Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastics......Page 605 16-6: Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics......Page 609 16-7: Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics......Page 615 16-8: Elastomers [Rubbers]......Page 620 16-9: Thermosetting Polymers......Page 624 16-10: Adhesives......Page 626 16-11: Polymer Processing and Recycling......Page 627 Glossary......Page 632 Problems......Page 634 Ch 17: Composites: Teamwork and Synergy in Materials......Page 638 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 639 17-1: Dispersion-Strengthened Composites......Page 641 17-2: Particulate Composites......Page 643 17-3: Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 647 17-4: Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 651 17-5: Manufacturing Fibers and Composites......Page 658 17-6: Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications......Page 662 17-7: Laminar Composite Materials......Page 668 17-8: Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites......Page 669 17-9: Sandwich Structures......Page 670 Glossary......Page 672 Problems......Page 673 Ch 18: Construction Materials......Page 680 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 681 18-1: The Structure of Wood......Page 682 18-2: Moisture Content and Density of Wood......Page 684 18-3: Mechanical Properties of Wood......Page 686 18-5: Plywood......Page 688 18-6: Concrete Materials......Page 689 18-7: Properties of Concrete......Page 691 18-8: Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete......Page 695 Summary......Page 696 Problems......Page 697 Ch 19: Electronic Materials......Page 700 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 701 19-1: Ohm's Law and Electrical Conductivity......Page 703 19-2: Band Structure of Solids......Page 707 19-3: Conductivity of Metals and Alloys......Page 711 19-4: Semiconductors......Page 714 19-5: Applications of Semiconductors......Page 721 19-6: General Overview of Integrated Circuit Processing......Page 724 19-7: Deposition of Thin Films......Page 727 19-8: Conductivity in Other Materials......Page 728 19-10: Polarization in Dielectrics......Page 730 19-11: Electrostriction, Piezoelectricity, and Ferroelectricity......Page 734 Summary......Page 737 Glossary......Page 738 Problems......Page 739 Ch 20: Magnetic Materials......Page 744 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 745 20-2: Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Moments......Page 746 20-3: Magnetization, Permeability, and the Magnetic Field......Page 748 20-4: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic, and Superparamagnetic Materials......Page 751 20-5: Domain Structure and the Hysteresis Loop......Page 753 20-6: The Curie Temperature......Page 756 20-7: Applications of Magnetic Materials......Page 757 20-8: Metallic and Ceramic Magnetic Materials......Page 763 Summary......Page 768 Glossary......Page 769 Problems......Page 770 Ch 21: Photonic Materials......Page 774 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 775 21-2: Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission......Page 776 21-4: Examples and Use of Emission Phenomena......Page 788 Glossary......Page 797 Problems......Page 798 Ch 22: Thermal Properties of Materials......Page 802 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 803 22-1: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat......Page 804 22-2: Thermal Expansion......Page 806 22-3: Thermal Conductivity......Page 810 22-4: Thermal Shock......Page 814 Summary......Page 815 Problems......Page 816 Ch 23: Corrosion and Wear......Page 820 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 821 23-1: Chemical Corrosion......Page 822 23-2: Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 824 23-3: The Electrode Potential in Electrochemical Cells......Page 827 23-4: The Corrosion Current and Polarization......Page 831 23-5: Types of Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 832 23-6: Protection against Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 837 23-7: Microbial Degradation and Biodegradable Polymers......Page 842 23-8: Oxidation and Other Gas Reactions......Page 843 23-9: Wear and Erosion......Page 846 Summary......Page 848 Glossary......Page 849 Problems......Page 850 Appendix A: Selected Physical Properties of Metals......Page 854 Appendix B: The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements......Page 857 Answers to Selected Problems......Page 859 Index......Page 870