Understanding Surveillance Technologies: Spy Devices, Privacy, History & Applications, Second Edition

Description

Understanding Surveillance Technologies demystifies spy devices and describes how technology is used to observe and record intimate details of people’s lives—often without their knowledge or consent. From historical origins to current applications, it explains how satellites, pinhole cameras, cell phone and credit card logs, DNA kits, tiny microphones (“bugs”), chemical sniffers, and implanted RF/ID chips have enabled us to create a two-edged sword—devices that promise security while, at the same time, eroding our privacy. Understanding Surveillance Technologies is profusely illustrated with extensive references and indexes, laying the groundwork for more specialized texts on specific technologies. It covers each of the major sensing devices and explains how they are used in civilian, criminal justice, scientific, national security, and military applications. It also includes recent changes in legislation and the organization of the intelligence community, and discusses how equal access to high-tech sensing devices and encryption schemes has changed society. Understanding Surveillance Technologies is modular, so the chapters can be read in any order, and is written in an accessible, somewhat narrative style, to suit the needs of journalists/newscasters, privacy organizations, educators, civic planners, and technology centers. It is appropriate as an adjunct reference for criminal justice/law enforcement/military, and forensic trainees, and as a textbook for courses in Surveillance Studies, Sociology, Communications, and Political Science. Now in its second edition, with 1,000 pages and more than 700 diagrams, it is still the only text that comprehensively conveys the breadth of the field. 9780849383205%2Efmatt......Page 1 Understanding Surveillance Technologies: Spy Devices, Privancy, History & Applications, SECOND EDITION......Page 3 CONTENTS......Page 5 ABOUT THIS BOOK......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 7 FORMAT......Page 9 ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 10 Section 1: Introduction......Page 11 1.a. Scope and Focus......Page 12 Political Openness......Page 13 1.b. Format......Page 14 Shift In Access......Page 15 Legislation......Page 16 Responsibility and Social Evolution......Page 18 2.a. Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 19 Congressional Legislative Bills......Page 20 2.c. Categories of Surveillance Activities......Page 21 2.d. Categories of Surveillance Devices......Page 23 2.e. Categories of Intelligence......Page 24 3. Context......Page 27 3.a. Scientific Inquiry......Page 28 3.b. Government Applications......Page 29 3.c. Commercial, Agricultural, and Government Applications......Page 30 The Formalization of Surveillance and Intelligence Gathering......Page 32 Detective Agencies and Secret Service Agents......Page 33 Scientific Input to Government......Page 35 The U.S. Secret Service and Department of Justice......Page 36 The “Progressive Era”......Page 38 Prohibition......Page 39 The Age of Communications......Page 40 Evolution of the BoI into the FBI......Page 41 4.d. Wartime Use of Surveillance Technologies......Page 42 Establishment of the CIA......Page 43 Responsibility for Security and Related Policies - The CIA and FBI......Page 44 Military Intelligence Acquires a Broader National Scope......Page 45 Post-War Prosperity and Baby-Boom Years......Page 46 Public Announcements, Cuba, and Cold War Fears......Page 47 The Establishment of Research and Technology Labs......Page 48 National Intelligence and Personal Computers......Page 49 The 1970s - The Watergate Scandal......Page 50 Birth of the Personal Computer......Page 51 Increased Governmental Surveillance of U.S. Persons......Page 52 Evolution of the ARPANET and Network Addressing......Page 54 Counterintelligence Efforts......Page 55 Members of the Intelligence Community......Page 56 The Internet......Page 58 1990s - Provisions for Privacy, ECHELON, and Public Concerns......Page 59 ECHELON Rumors and Privacy Constraints......Page 60 4.i. Mid-1990s - Terrorism, Smuggling, and Technology Upgrades......Page 62 Greater Awareness and the Struggle for Balance......Page 63 The Late 1990s - Reorganization, More Openness, Yet More Surveillance......Page 64 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES......Page 65 Changes in Communications Infrastructures......Page 66 Economic Espionage and ECHELON Revisited......Page 67 Integrated Forensic Databases......Page 68 Background Checks and Forensic Facilities......Page 69 When Technology Meets Opportunity......Page 70 Transportation Security......Page 71 National Security and Terror Management......Page 72 International Relations......Page 73 DNI Responsibilities......Page 74 Director of Science and Technology......Page 75 The Central Intelligence Agency......Page 76 Archaeological Investigation......Page 77 6.a. Search and Rescue......Page 78 6.b. Border Patrol......Page 80 6.c. Natural Resources Management and Protection......Page 81 6.d. Drug Laws Enforcement......Page 82 6.e. Military Applications......Page 83 6.g. Commercial Products......Page 84 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 85 Little Brothers......Page 89 10.a. Organizations......Page 90 10.b. Print Resources......Page 97 Articles......Page 101 Journals and Bulletins......Page 102 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 103 10.d. Online Sites......Page 105 10.e. Media Resources......Page 107 11. Glossary......Page 108 Section 2: Acoustic Surveillance......Page 111 Section 4: Biochemical Surveillance......Page 0 1. Introduction......Page 112 The Phenomenon of Sound......Page 113 Human hearing......Page 114 The Character of Sound......Page 115 Sound Conversion and Display......Page 116 2. Kinds and Variations......Page 117 Sound-Monitoring Devices......Page 122 Tapping Devices......Page 123 4. Origins and Evolution......Page 124 Eavesdropping - The Famous and the Infamous......Page 125 The Early Development of Recording Devices......Page 131 Phonographic Recordings......Page 133 Public Officials and Charges of Wiretapping......Page 135 Wiretapping Legislation in America......Page 138 Constitution Issues and Wiretapping......Page 140 Audio-Visual Developments......Page 141 Further Legislation Related to Wiretapping......Page 142 Challenging the Olmstead Decision......Page 143 Continued Controversy Over Government Wiretapping......Page 145 Opposition to Listening Devices......Page 148 Shifting the Focus to Law Enforcement......Page 149 Watergate and The Computer Age......Page 150 New Technologies and Common Carrier Obligations......Page 151 Surveillance and Civil Rights......Page 152 Issues of Privacy and Constitutional Rights......Page 154 Techies and Techie Toys......Page 156 The Breakup of AT&T and Implementation of the ECPA......Page 157 Challenges for Law Enforcement......Page 158 The 1990s - Changeover to New Technologies......Page 159 Disrobing the Machine - Security Weaknesses......Page 160 The Late 1990s - Variation and Sophistication......Page 161 Wiretapping, Implementation, and Opposition......Page 162 5.a. Listening Devices......Page 163 Microphones......Page 165 Shotgun Microphone......Page 167 Laser Listening Devices......Page 168 5.b. Recording Devices......Page 169 Analog versus Digital Recorders......Page 170 Commercial Recorders......Page 171 Remote Monitoring through a Phone Line......Page 172 Pen Registers......Page 173 Wiretapping Devices......Page 174 Audio Transmitters......Page 175 5.d. Audio Changing or Jamming Devices......Page 176 Prevalence of Law Enforcement Taps......Page 177 5.f. Covert Listening Device Countermeasures......Page 178 Detecting Bugs......Page 179 Wiretap Countermeasures......Page 180 Warning Signs......Page 182 Installation......Page 183 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 184 Law Enforcement Monitoring of Calls......Page 187 10.a. Organizations......Page 188 10.b. Print......Page 190 Articles......Page 193 Reports and Testimony......Page 195 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 196 11. Glossary......Page 197 1. Introduction......Page 201 Infrasound and Seismography......Page 203 Sound Zones......Page 204 Frequencies Used for Surveillance......Page 205 3. Context......Page 206 Industrial Testing and Safety......Page 207 Infrasonics and Early Seismologic Studies......Page 208 Ultrasonics - Early ‘Reflectoscopes’......Page 209 Rail Expansion and Quality Control......Page 210 Display Technologies and Ultrasonics......Page 211 Nuclear Science and International Regulations......Page 212 Political Policies and Technology......Page 213 Treaty Ratification and Enforcement......Page 214 Progress in Disarmament and International Monitoring......Page 215 5. Description and Functions......Page 217 Structural Assessment and Quality Assurance......Page 218 Avalanche Detection......Page 219 Microphonic Monitoring......Page 220 7. Problems and Limitations......Page 221 10.a. Organizations......Page 222 10.b. Print......Page 223 Articles......Page 224 10.d. Online Sites......Page 225 11. Glossary......Page 226 1. Introduction......Page 228 1.a. Basic Concepts and Terminology......Page 229 Typical Frequencies......Page 230 1.c. Biological Sonar Systems......Page 231 1.d. Components of Sound......Page 234 1.e. Sound Characteristics......Page 235 2. Kinds and Variations......Page 236 Depth-Sounding......Page 238 3.a. Applications Context......Page 239 Navigation......Page 240 Communications......Page 241 4. Origins and Evolution......Page 242 Understanding Sound......Page 243 Underwater Mines and Submarine Warfare......Page 245 Post-War Developments......Page 247 World War II......Page 249 The ASW Patrol Ships and Destroyers......Page 250 Other Acoustic Applications......Page 251 Post-War and Cold War Sensing Applications......Page 252 Post-War Adjustments to Acoustics Research......Page 253 Technological One-Upmanship......Page 254 Innovation and Disaster......Page 255 Deep-Submergence Craft......Page 256 The 1970s - New and Improved Sonar Applications......Page 257 Acoustic-Sensing Challenges......Page 258 Aircraft Wreckage Search, Rescue, and Recovery......Page 260 Satellite Communications......Page 262 Loudness......Page 263 Impedance......Page 264 Hull-Mounted Systems......Page 265 Remote-Controlled Vehicles......Page 266 Robots and Autonomous Vehicles......Page 267 6.a. Depth Sounding......Page 268 6.c. Marine Mapping......Page 269 6.d. Active Submarine and Underwater Vessel Location......Page 272 6.e. Special Underwater Reconnaissance Missions......Page 273 Submarine Recovery......Page 274 Aircraft and Flight Recorder Location and Recovery......Page 275 6.g. Scientific Research......Page 277 6.h. Mine Detection......Page 279 6.i. Military Applications and Intelligence-Gathering......Page 280 Military Applications......Page 281 7.a. Interference and Aberrations......Page 283 Undersea Life......Page 284 7.e. Satellite Communications......Page 285 9. Implications of Use......Page 286 10.a. Organizations......Page 287 10.b. Print......Page 290 Articles......Page 291 Journals......Page 292 10.d. Online Sites......Page 293 10.e. Media Resources......Page 294 11. Glossary......Page 295 Section 3: Electromagnetic Surveillance......Page 297 1. Introduction......Page 298 Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 299 4. Origins and Evolution......Page 301 The Telegraph......Page 302 Telegraphic Surveillance......Page 303 Laying Down the Lines......Page 304 Transcontinental Cables......Page 305 The Telephone......Page 307 Coherers......Page 309 Automatic Telephone Switching and Marine Radio Systems......Page 310 Crystal Detectors......Page 311 Electron Tube Technology......Page 312 4.c. Radio Broadcasting......Page 313 The American Civil War and World War I......Page 314 Commercial Broadcasting and Political Alliances......Page 316 Regulation and Growth of the Radio Industry (Air Wars)......Page 317 Radio Communications in Wartime (Air Wars II - The Foreign Menace)......Page 318 Radio Security Innovations......Page 319 Innovations in Radio Communications......Page 320 Global Politics and Increased Surveillance......Page 322 The Birth of Satellite Communications......Page 323 The Microcomputer Revolution......Page 324 The Pressure for Airwaves......Page 325 Civilian Use of Radio Technologies......Page 326 Modern Use of Radio Technologies......Page 327 Modern Surveillance Tools......Page 328 Security......Page 329 Increasing Efficiency......Page 330 Radio Tags......Page 331 Basic Concepts......Page 332 Roaming Radio......Page 333 5.f. Satellite Communications......Page 334 GPS......Page 335 Satellite Antennas......Page 336 5.g. Remote-Controlled Vehicles and Robots......Page 337 ID and Inventory Tracking......Page 338 Inmate and Parolee Tracking......Page 340 Search and Rescue......Page 341 National Defense......Page 344 Availability of Bandwidth......Page 345 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 346 Short-Range Systems and Security......Page 347 Radio Tracking Beacons......Page 348 10.a. Organizations......Page 349 Articles......Page 350 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 351 10.e. Media Resources......Page 352 11. Glossary......Page 353 1. Introduction......Page 355 Radar Basics......Page 356 Surveillance Applications......Page 357 2. Kinds and Variations......Page 358 Variations......Page 359 Identification Systems......Page 361 3. Context......Page 362 3.b. Radar Receivers......Page 363 Vector and Raster Displays......Page 364 Radar Antennas......Page 366 Radar Frequencies......Page 367 Radar Ranging......Page 370 Practical Radar Systems......Page 371 Military Development and Use of Radar......Page 372 Overseas Developments......Page 374 Aerial Early Warning Systems......Page 376 The Transistor Revolution......Page 378 Adding Radar to the Fleets......Page 379 Radar Automation......Page 380 Establishing Surveillance Systems......Page 381 Space Surveillance......Page 382 Technological Advancements......Page 383 Mapping the Earth from Space......Page 384 5.b. Radar Displays......Page 385 5.c. Digital Technology......Page 386 5.d. Synthetic-Aperture Radar......Page 387 5.f. Space Systems......Page 388 6.a. Traffic Enforcement......Page 389 Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 391 Earth Monitoring and Mapping......Page 392 Underground Investigations......Page 393 Navigation......Page 394 6.e. Security, Surveillance, and Defense......Page 395 Projectile Detection and Guidance......Page 398 Mine detection......Page 399 6.f. Commercial Products......Page 400 Interpretation of Displays and Radar Data......Page 402 Radar Countermeasures......Page 403 Bandwidth and Frequency......Page 404 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 405 9. Implications of Use......Page 406 10.a. Organizations......Page 407 10.b. Print Resources......Page 408 Articles......Page 409 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 410 10.e. Media Resources......Page 411 11. Glossary......Page 412 1. Introduction......Page 416 Representing Waves......Page 417 Units of Measure......Page 418 Infrared Radiation......Page 419 Units......Page 420 Categories......Page 421 Passive and Active Detectors......Page 423 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Detectors......Page 424 Cooled and Uncooled Detectors......Page 425 Ambient Radiation......Page 426 Interpretation of Infrared Data......Page 427 The Discovery of New Forms of Light......Page 428 The Emergence of Practical Applications and Accessories......Page 429 Infrared Photography and Imaging......Page 430 The 1980s - Improvements in Video and Color Technologies......Page 431 The 1990s - Improvements and Broader Applications......Page 433 Further Improvements in Technology......Page 434 Late 1990s - Increased Sophistication and Commercialization......Page 435 Infrared Sensors......Page 437 Light Meters......Page 438 Infrared Film and Processing......Page 439 Black and White Infrared Film......Page 440 Illumination......Page 441 Night-Vision Scopes and Goggles......Page 442 Mapping and Topographical Studies......Page 443 Infrared Spectrometers and Reflectometers......Page 444 Quality Control, Assessment, and Inspection......Page 446 Astronomy......Page 447 Military Surveillance......Page 450 Missile Detection and Targeting......Page 451 Remote Control and Communications Devices......Page 452 Motion Detectors......Page 453 Infrared Illumination and Thermal Imaging......Page 454 Bug Detectors......Page 455 Reconnaissance Aircraft (Piloted)......Page 456 Unstaffed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)......Page 457 7. Problems and Limitations......Page 458 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 459 10.a. Organizations......Page 460 10.b. Print Resources......Page 461 Articles......Page 464 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 465 10.e. Media Resources......Page 466 11. Glossary......Page 467 1. Introduction......Page 469 1.a. The Prevalence of Visual Surveillance......Page 470 Visual Surveillance General Applications......Page 471 1.b. Potential for Abuse......Page 472 1.c. Basics of Visual Perception......Page 473 2. Kinds and Variations......Page 475 Magnifiers......Page 476 2.b. Imaging......Page 477 Film Cameras......Page 478 Movie Cameras......Page 479 Digital Cameras......Page 480 High-Speed Photography......Page 481 Splitters/Multiplexers......Page 482 Databases......Page 483 Environmental Suits......Page 484 Protective Vehicles and Stations......Page 487 2.g. Probes, Robots, Remote-Controlled and Autonomous Craft......Page 488 4.a. Human Aspects......Page 492 The Impulse to Record......Page 493 The Development of Lenses......Page 494 Going Beyond the Basics......Page 495 New Forms of Optical Enhancements......Page 496 Evolutionary Improvements......Page 497 Visual Recording Technologies......Page 498 Capturing a Moment in Time......Page 499 Surveillance Craft and Gear......Page 500 Surveillance from New Heights......Page 502 The Development of Image Transmission......Page 504 Image Broadcasting......Page 506 Visual Surveillance in Homes and Offices......Page 507 Digital Technologies......Page 508 International Compliance......Page 509 Scopes......Page 510 Curl......Page 513 Image and Data Processing......Page 514 5.c. Management and Storage of Recording Materials......Page 515 Example Costs of Archiving......Page 516 Art Theft......Page 517 Explosives Detection and Disposal......Page 518 Public Areas Monitoring......Page 519 Traffic Monitoring......Page 520 Border Patrol......Page 521 Domestic Help Monitoring......Page 522 Hazardous Area Monitoring......Page 523 6.c. Space Surveillance......Page 524 Atmospheric Studies......Page 525 Remote Administration......Page 526 Operations Monitoring......Page 527 Aerial Surveillance......Page 528 Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement......Page 529 6.g. Emergency Services......Page 530 Pinhole Portable Video Cameras......Page 531 Specialized Cameras......Page 532 Monitors, Monitor/Receivers......Page 533 Portable/Covert VCRs......Page 534 Resolution and Image Clarity......Page 535 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 536 Current Regulations......Page 538 Examples of Privacy-Related Bills......Page 539 9.a. Social Implications......Page 541 9.b. Balancing Privacy, News Coverage, and Safety......Page 542 News Surveillance......Page 544 9.d. Privacy and Identity Protection......Page 545 9.e. Evidence Issues......Page 546 10.a. Organizations......Page 548 10.b. Print......Page 549 Articles......Page 550 Journals......Page 551 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 552 10.d. Online Sites......Page 553 10.e. Media Resources......Page 555 11. Glossary......Page 556 1. Introduction......Page 558 The Shift in Power......Page 559 Wind-Lofted Craft......Page 560 Self-Powered Craft......Page 561 Military Reconnaissance......Page 562 Scientific Inquiry......Page 563 Commercial Applications......Page 564 4. Origins and Evolution......Page 565 The Early 1800s - Pioneer Photography and Aerial Photography......Page 566 The Mid-1800s - Rise of Photography and Airships......Page 567 An Official Balloon Reconnaissance Corps......Page 568 The 1900s - The New Age of Flight......Page 569 The 1910s - Flying Machines and Consumer Cameras......Page 571 The 20s - Transatlantic Flight and the Lure of Outer Space......Page 573 The ‘30s - Paparazzi, Pioneers, and Global Unrest......Page 574 War and Post-War......Page 575 The 1950s - The Postwar Boom and the Cold War Years......Page 576 The First Spy Planes......Page 577 CORONA......Page 578 The 1980s - Politics, Peace, and the Pressure to Commercialize......Page 580 The 1990s - Global Conflicts and the Commercial Sector......Page 581 Improving Aerial Photography and Resolution......Page 583 The Old and the New......Page 584 Aerial and Satellite Technologies - Problems......Page 586 5. Description and Functions......Page 587 5.b. Remote-Controlled and Autonomous Vehicles......Page 588 5.c. Commercialization......Page 589 Agriculture, Wildlife and Park Management......Page 591 Engineering and Construction......Page 592 Environmental......Page 593 Military Reconnaissance......Page 594 Marine Patrol......Page 597 Commercial Imaging Products......Page 598 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 599 Future Technologies......Page 600 Government Policies on Remote-Sensing Systems......Page 601 10.a. Organizations......Page 602 10.b Print Resources......Page 603 Articles......Page 606 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 607 10.d. Online Sites......Page 608 11. Glossary......Page 609 1. Introduction......Page 611 Chemical Interactions......Page 613 Sources and Intensity of Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 614 Chemical Marking and Illumination......Page 615 Early Observations......Page 616 Theoretical/Mathematical Frameworks......Page 617 The Emergence of Quantum Physics......Page 618 Experimental and Practical Applications......Page 619 UV Photos from Space......Page 620 Photos during Interplanetary Fly-bys......Page 622 Ultraviolet Effects......Page 623 Astronomical Research Using Ultraviolet......Page 624 Airborne Ultraviolet Sensing......Page 625 The Continued Evolution of Space Science......Page 626 The Increasing Importance of UV Sensing in Space......Page 627 XUV Research......Page 628 5. Description......Page 629 Filters......Page 630 Digital Processing......Page 631 Remains Identification......Page 632 Industrial and Resource Sciences......Page 633 Fraud Detection......Page 634 Astronomy and Cosmology - Ultraviolet-Sensing Satellites......Page 635 The Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer......Page 637 6.e. Spill Detection......Page 639 Flame Detectors......Page 640 Experimental Sensors......Page 641 Hazards......Page 642 9. Implications......Page 643 10.a. Organizations......Page 644 Articles......Page 645 Journals......Page 646 10.d. Online Sites......Page 647 11. Glossary......Page 648 1. Introduction......Page 650 2. Kinds and Variations......Page 651 Basic System Design......Page 652 3. Context......Page 653 The Discovery of X-Rays......Page 655 Discovering the Properties of X-Rays......Page 656 The 20th Century - Practical Applications......Page 657 Space Science......Page 658 The 1990s - Transition to Digital......Page 659 1980s and 1990s Space Science......Page 660 Illegal Entry and Smuggling Concerns......Page 662 Cargo Surveillance......Page 664 Microscopy......Page 665 Crystallography......Page 666 Industrial Fabrication and Testing......Page 667 Forensic Investigations......Page 668 Damage to Film from X-Ray Machines......Page 669 Medical X-Rays......Page 670 Transportation Security......Page 671 10.a. Organizations......Page 672 Articles......Page 673 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 674 10.e. Media Resources......Page 675 11. Glossary......Page 676 9780849383205%2Ech12......Page 677 1. Introduction......Page 678 2.a. Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 679 2.c. Categorization......Page 681 Chemical Weapons Threats......Page 682 Early Regulations......Page 683 Disease and Warfare......Page 684 Prohibitions on Chemical Use......Page 685 The Control and Surveillance of Imports and Exports......Page 687 The 1970s - International Control of Disease, Arms, and Drugs......Page 688 The Mid-1990s - Treaties, Training, and Terrorism......Page 689 Progress on Treaties......Page 690 Preventive Health Measures......Page 691 International Affairs in 1998......Page 692 Customs and Border Control......Page 693 Terrorist Acts......Page 694 Industrial Spills......Page 695 Chemical Surveillance Measures......Page 696 National Biodefense......Page 697 Protective Environments and Gear......Page 698 Tapes and Samples......Page 699 Chemical ‘Fingerprinting’......Page 700 Identifying Remains......Page 701 Arson and Explosives......Page 702 Narcotics......Page 703 Explosives Detectors......Page 704 Firearms Matching and Gun Residues......Page 705 5.g. Biochemical Warfare Agents and Medical Diagnostics......Page 706 6.a. Chemical Contaminants Detection......Page 708 6.c. Terrorism......Page 710 6.d. Biological/Chemical Warfare......Page 711 Evidence Tapes......Page 714 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 715 9. Implications of Use......Page 716 10.a. Organizations......Page 717 10.b Print Resources......Page 720 Articles......Page 721 Journals......Page 722 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 723 10.d. Online Sites......Page 724 11. Glossary......Page 725 1. Introduction......Page 727 2. Kinds and Variations......Page 728 Mug Shots......Page 730 Polygraphs......Page 731 The 1980s - The Development and Testing of New Technologies......Page 732 The 1990s - Proliferation of Biometrics Systems......Page 733 The Motivation for Biometrics Surveillance......Page 734 Concerns About Privacy and the Potential Abuse of Data......Page 735 Fingerprints as a Preferred Identity Tool......Page 736 Fingerprint Acquisition and Identification......Page 737 Inked and Inkless Systems......Page 738 Computer Analysis and Identification Systems......Page 739 6.a. Examples......Page 740 Finger Imaging Recognition......Page 741 Face Recognition......Page 742 Motion Recognition......Page 743 Fingerprint Collection......Page 744 Dusting Powders......Page 745 Latent Print Developers......Page 746 Forensic Identification of Fingerprints......Page 747 Protection of Personal Information......Page 748 Congressional Trends......Page 749 Changes in Administration......Page 750 Cost-Effective Deployment and Change of Use......Page 751 10.a. Organizations......Page 752 Articles......Page 754 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 756 10.e. Media Resources......Page 757 11. Glossary......Page 758 1. Introduction......Page 760 Animal Treatment as a Psychological Indicator......Page 761 Canine Detectives......Page 762 Animal Use in Research and Testing......Page 763 Research of Animal Physiology and Behavior......Page 764 Animal Assistants......Page 765 Seeing-Eye Dogs......Page 766 Dogs in War......Page 767 Animals in Early Space Research......Page 768 The Mid-1980s - Health Care, Arson, and Transportation Security......Page 769 Bee Studies......Page 770 Electronic Sensors......Page 771 Selecting a Dog Breed......Page 772 Dog Training......Page 773 Search and Rescue......Page 774 Accelerant, Explosives, and Firearms Sniffing......Page 775 Food Substance Sniffing......Page 777 Drug Sniffing......Page 778 Underwater Surveillance......Page 781 Dog Training Scents......Page 782 Commercial Dog Sniffing Services......Page 783 Relocation of Animals......Page 784 Individual Temperament and Intelligence......Page 785 Animal Rights......Page 786 10.a. Organizations......Page 787 10.b. Print Resources......Page 788 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 790 10.e. Media Resources......Page 791 11. Glossary......Page 792 1. Introduction......Page 793 Using DNA......Page 795 1.c. DNA Matching......Page 796 2.a. Nuclear DNA......Page 797 2.b. Mitochondrial DNA......Page 798 Assessing Samples......Page 800 Southern Blot......Page 802 4. Origins and Evolution......Page 803 Understanding Cell Structure......Page 805 Charting Cell Structure and Exploring its Functions......Page 806 New Theories and Procedures to Understand Heritability......Page 807 Cell Division and Fertilization......Page 808 The Rise of Modern Genetics......Page 809 Genetics and Gene Mapping......Page 810 Genetics Development and Social Impact......Page 811 Visualizing and Modeling DNA......Page 812 Laboratory Tools and Manipulation of DNA......Page 813 The Human Genome Project - HGP......Page 814 Consumer Access and Awareness......Page 816 Commercializing a Genetic Heritage......Page 817 National Databases......Page 819 5.a. Permissions......Page 820 5.b. Collecting Samples......Page 821 Bones and Teeth......Page 822 5.c. Transporting Samples......Page 823 5.e. Analyzing Samples......Page 824 5.f. Storing DNA Samples......Page 827 Equipment......Page 828 Law Enforcement......Page 829 Breeding and Wildlife Conservation and Management......Page 830 Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 831 Service Member Remains Identification......Page 832 Identifying Political or Murder Victim Remains......Page 834 Child Abductions......Page 835 Genetic Counselling......Page 836 7. Problems and Limitations......Page 837 Processing......Page 838 Population Demographics......Page 839 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 840 National Legislative Concerns......Page 841 United States......Page 842 Employer Interests......Page 843 State Legislative Concerns......Page 844 Accessibility......Page 846 Ethics and Regulations......Page 847 Applications......Page 848 Freedom and Privacy......Page 849 10.a. Organizations......Page 850 10.b. Print Resources......Page 855 Articles......Page 856 Journals......Page 858 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 859 10.e. Media Resources......Page 860 11. Glossary......Page 861 Section 5: Miscellaneous Surveillance......Page 862 1. Introduction......Page 863 2. Kinds and Variations......Page 864 Magnetic Surveillance Strips......Page 866 Detection of Magnetic Materials......Page 867 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 868 Magnetic Sensing and Common Sense......Page 869 The 1700s and 1800s - Progress in Understanding Magnetism......Page 870 Pioneer Work in Magnetic Resonance......Page 871 The Evolution of Electronics......Page 872 Smart Cards......Page 873 Space Science......Page 874 Magnetometers......Page 875 Data Cards......Page 876 Measures of Magnetic Field Strength......Page 877 Magnetic Cards......Page 878 EAS......Page 879 Types of EAS Systems......Page 880 Access Monitoring and Data Tracking......Page 881 Electronic Article Surveillance......Page 882 Geophysical Sciences and Site Surveys......Page 883 Home, Business, and Vehicle Security......Page 884 Underwater Surveillance......Page 885 Theft and Tampering......Page 886 Electromagnetic and Magnetic Interference......Page 887 Electronic Article Surveillance......Page 888 Personal Information and Magnetic Profiling......Page 889 The Monitoring of Employees......Page 890 10.a. Organizations......Page 891 Journals......Page 892 10.c. Conferences and Workshops......Page 893 10.e. Media Resources......Page 894 11. Glossary......Page 895 1. Introduction......Page 896 2. Kinds and Variations......Page 897 Invisible Ink......Page 898 Decoding Methods......Page 899 4. Origins and Evolution......Page 901 The Elizabethan Age and Beyond......Page 903 Technology and Cryptology......Page 904 World War I......Page 908 America After World War I......Page 910 The War on the British Front......Page 911 Computers, Electronics, and Cryptology......Page 912 The 1990s - Secure Communications and Controversy......Page 913 Encryption’s Soft Underbelly......Page 914 Data Security and International Software Export Regulations......Page 915 Export Regulations Adjustments......Page 916 Effectiveness of Encryption......Page 917 Discerning Message Contents......Page 918 Cryptanalysis Strategy......Page 919 Data Encryption Approaches......Page 920 The Human Element......Page 923 8. Restrictions and Regulations......Page 924 9. Implications of Use......Page 926 10.a. Organizations......Page 927 10.b. Print......Page 928 Articles......Page 929 Journals......Page 930 10.d. Online Sites......Page 931 11. Glossary......Page 933 1. Introduction......Page 935 Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 936 The Internet versus The Web......Page 938 Search in the Broader Context......Page 939 Using Good Tools......Page 941 Information-Gathering Strategy......Page 942 The Context of the Internet......Page 943 Language Considerations......Page 944 Surveillance in the Context of the Workplace......Page 945 Using Machines to Gather Data......Page 946 Development of Electronics......Page 947 The Early History of Practical Computers......Page 948 Innovative Ideas......Page 949 Microcomputer Electronics......Page 950 The 1990s - Increasing Integration and Processing Capabilities......Page 951 5. Description and Functions......Page 952 5.b. Computerized Profiling......Page 953 5.d. Computer Processing......Page 954 Computer Spy Systems......Page 955 Computer Database Systems......Page 957 Wiretapping......Page 958 Workplace Surveillance with Computers......Page 959 Powerful Programs in the Wrong Hands......Page 960 10.a. Organizations......Page 961 Articles......Page 962 Journals......Page 963 10.d. Online Sites......Page 964 11. Glossary......Page 965