Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Metabolism

Description

Like its predecessors, the new and updated edition of Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Metabolism is an essential textbook for advanced undergraduate and first-year graduate students studying human nutrition. This book draws on inter-related sciences including biochemistry, genetics, and physiology to provide a full understanding of nutrition science. This third edition describes the chemistry, absorption, use and excretion of each of the essential nutrients. There is comprehensive coverage of nutrient-nutrient interactions and both macro and micronutrients. The book places strong emphasis on how nutrient-genetic interactions function with respect to disease development. The new edition includes some of the most recent descriptions of the roles nutrients play in the expression of genetic traits for a variety of degenerative diseases. It includes a new chapter explains the function of microorganisms in the maintenance and development of chronic degenerative disease. Features: Chapters address clinical conditions such as obesity, starvation, hyperlipemia, renal disease and organ function. Includes updated information on the body’s microbiotica and the daily nutrient needs of humans across the life cycle. Material reveals the neurodegenerative response to dietary variables with respect to the regulation of food intake. Chapter summaries highlight key information and case studies challenge students to integrate what they have learned to solve clinical cases. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Authors 1 Introduction to Advanced Nutrition Nutrition Science Essential Nutrients Intake Recommendations Uses of Dris Food Composition Nutrition Assessment Population Studies NHANES Studies Nutrition and Health Communication Summary References 2 Nutrition and the Cycle of Life Cell Structure and Function Receptors Signal Systems Cell Differentiation Apoptosis Life Cycle Growth and Development Conception to Birth Birth to Childhood Childhood and Adolescence Maturity Aging (senescence) Drug Effects On Nutrient Need in the Aging Summary References 3 Nutrition, the Microbiota, and Chronic Disease Definitions Environmental Effects On the Microbiota Factors Affecting the Microbiota in the Gut Age Diet Probiotics Gut–Brain Signaling Immunity, Injury, and Inflammation Injury and the Inflammation Process Relationship of the Microbiota and Inflammation to Chronic Disease Summary References 4 Metabolism of the Macronutrients Carbohydrates Glycolysis Pentose Phosphate Shunt Glycogenesis (glycogen Synthesis) Glucose Glycogenolysis (glycogen Breakdown) Gluconeogenesis (glucose Synthesis) Lipids Lipolysis and Fatty Acid Oxidation Proteins Amino Acid Degradation Metabolic Flux Summary References 5 Energy Definition, Terminology How Energy Is Assessed (intake, Output, Storage) Energy Intake Energy Need The Energy Equation Energy Terminology Energy Retained Energetic Efficiency Utilizable Energy Thermogenesis Uncoupling Proteins Summary References 6 Negative Energy Balance, Starvation, and Malnutrition Definitions Set-Point Theory in Body Weight Regulation Abnormal Energy States Protein–Energy Malnutrition Starvation Recovery From Malnutrition and Starvation Trauma and Energy Needs Voluntary Starvation: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Abnormal Appetite: Pica Summary References 7 Exercise, Physical Activity, and the Energy Equation Definitions Minimum Physical Activity Recommendations Exercise and Nutrient Needs Elite Athlete Aging and Exercise Summary References 8 Positive Energy Balance: Obesity Definitions Indirect Methods Used to Determine Body Fat Origins of Obesity Genetics of Obesity Treatment of Obesity: Diet Strategies Pharmaceutical Strategies Surgical Strategies for Weight Loss Summary References 9 Regulation of Food Intake Psychological Aspects of Food Intake Physiological Aspects of Food Intake Sensory Perception of Food Appearance Texture Smell (olfaction) and Gustation (taste) Neuronal Signals for Hunger and Satiety Summary References 10 Nutrigenomics Genes Gene Expression DNA Structure Mutation Or Polymorphisms Epigenetics Synthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines Transcription Mitochondrial Gene Expression Translation Effects of Diet On Genetic Diseases Nutrient–Gene Interactions Genetic Diseases of Interest to Nutrition Summary References 11 Protein Amino Acids Chemistry Stereochemistry Acid–Base Properties Reactions Amino Acid Derivatives Creatine Phosphate Choline Polyamines Peptides Protein Structure Protein Denaturation Classification of Proteins Classification By Solubility and Prosthetic Groups Glycoproteins Lipoproteins Nucleoproteins Other Conjugated Proteins Classification By Function Classification By Nutritive Value Protein Analysis Biological Value of Dietary Protein Protein Use Digestion Absorption Metabolism Functions of Proteins Proteins As Enzymes Proteins As Carriers and Receptors Proteins As Regulators of Water Balance Proteins As Biological Buffers Proteins As Structural Elements Proteins As Lubricants Proteins in the Immune System Proteins in the Endocrine System: Hormones Proteins As Signaling Molecules Protein Turnover Protein Degradation Protein Intake Recommendations Age Environmental Temperature Previous Diet Physical Activity Protein Deficiency Kwashiorkor Marasmus Protein and Amino Acid Interactions With Other Nutrients Vegetarian Diets Renal Disease Gluten Sensitivity Integration of the Metabolic Features of Protein Nutrition Summary References 12 Carbohydrates Classification Structure, Nomenclature, and Sources Monosaccharides Stereoisomeric Forms Anomeric Forms Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Storage Polysaccharides Structural Polysaccharides Mucopolysaccharides Sources of Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption Metabolism Glucose Homeostasis Abnormalities in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis: Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence of Diabetes Glucose Tolerance Test Genetics and Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmune Disease Diabetes Secondary to Viral Infections Mutations Associated With Diabetes Insulin Release Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young Genetic Errors in Insulin Structure Mitochondrial Diabetes Peripheral Insulin Resistance Animal Models for Humans With Type 2 Diabetes Population Surveys Relating Diet to Diabetes Prospective Studies Linking Food Intake to a Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes Dietary Intervention in Diabetes Overall Management of Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Other Health Concerns in Carbohydrate Nutrition Fiber Ethanol Carbohydrate Needs Summary References 13 Lipids Classification Structure and Nomenclature Simple Lipids Fatty Acids Triacylglycerol (oils and Fats Or Triglycerides) Sources of Lipids Digestion and Absorption Transport Exogenous Lipid Transport Endogenous Lipid Transport Genetic Basis for Lipoproteinemia Defects in Exogenous Fat Transport Diet Effects On Serum Lipids Nutrient–Gene Interactions in Lipid Transport Fatty Acid Function Essential Fatty Acids Eicosanoid Synthesis Fatty Acid Autooxidation Aging and Free Radicals Marine Oils and Health Concerns Lipids and Membrane Function Membrane Phospholipid Composition Disease Effects On Membrane Lipids Hormonal Effects On Membrane Lipids Age Effects On Membrane Lipids Membrane Function Cancer and Dietary Fat Other Diseases Summary References 14 Macrominerals Sodium Regulation of Serum Sodium Function Potassium Chloride Function Calcium Sources Food Mixtures Bioavailability Apparent Absorption Physiological Status Mechanisms of Absorption Calcium Transport and Blood Calcium Regulation Function Bone Mineralization Cell Signaling Calcium and Cell Death Muscle Contraction Calcium Deficiency Need Phosphorus Function Magnesium Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion Function Deficiency Need Summary References 15 Trace Minerals Essential Microminerals Trace Mineral Toxicity Antagonisms and Interactions Among Trace Minerals Interactions of Vitamins With Minerals Iron Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion Other Iron-Containing Compounds Iron Needs Iron Deficiency Pharmacological Treatment of Iron Deficiency Excess Iron Intake: Toxicology Zinc Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion Function Storage Zinc Interactions Deficiency Status Copper Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion Function Deficiency Abnormal Copper Status Selenium Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion Function Selenium–Mineral Interactions Deficiency Toxicity Iodine (iodide) Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion Deficiency Need Molybdenum Absorption, Excretion, and Function Food Sources, Recommended Intake Manganese Absorption, Excretion, and Function Food Sources, Recommended Intake Toxicity Cobalt Toxicity, Mineral Interactions Other Minerals Summary References 16 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Structure and Nomenclature Chemical Properties Biopotency Sources Metabolism of Vitamin A Absorption Transport Functions Protein Synthesis Reproduction and Growth Vision Hypervitaminosis A Vitamin Degradation and Excretion Need Vitamin D Structure and Nomenclature Chemical and Physical Properties Biopotency Methods of Assay International Units Metabolism Absorption Transport Use Function Regulation of Serum Calcium Levels Mode of Action at the Genomic Level Vitamin D Deficiency Hypervitaminosis D Need Vitamin E Structure and Nomenclature Chemical and Physical Properties Sources Metabolism Absorption and Transport Intracellular Transport and Storage Catabolism and Excretion Hypervitaminosis E Deficiency Need Vitamin K Structure and Nomenclature Biopotency Chemical and Physical Properties Chemical Assays Bioassays Biosynthesis Antagonists, Antivitamins Absorption Metabolism and Function Deficiency Sources Need Vitamin Interactions Summary References 17 Water-Soluble Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Distribution Function Deficiency Toxicity Need Thiamin Structure Thiamin Antagonists Assays for Thiamin Sources Absorption and Metabolism Biological Function Deficiency Need Toxicity Riboflavin Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Assay Absorption, Metabolism Functions Deficiency Needs Niacin, Nicotinic Acid Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Pyridoxine Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Pantothenic Acid Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Biotin Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Folic Acid Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Vitamin B12 Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Carnitine Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Choline Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Inositol Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Other Compounds That May Or May Not Be Vitamins Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Ubiquinone Orotic Acid Para-Aminobenzoic Acid Lipoic Acid Bioflavinoids Pseudovitamins Summary References 18 Case Studies Case Study 1 Marcus Wants to Stop Gaining Weight Case Study 2 Discovering a Concentration Camp Case Study 3 Helen’s Dilemma Case Study 4 Andrew Likes to Play Baseball Case Study 5 What’s a Person To Do? Case Study 6 Exercising Bodies Case Study 7 Gramma Is Tired Case Study 8 Your Family Tree Case Study 9 An African Adventure Case Study 10 BoBo Hates Milk; It Gives Him a Tummy Ache Case Study 11 Steven Has a Belly Ache Case Study 12 Julia Is Thin Case Study 13 Herbert Is On a Food Supplement Kick Case Study 14 Sylvia, Raymond, and Reginald Have a Fat Mother With Type 2 Diabetes Case Study 15 A New Food Product Case Study 16 Shelly Needs Help Case Study 17 Harry’s Complaint Case Study 18 Elsie Can't Drive at Night Case Study 19 Uncle John Is An Alcoholic Case Study 20 Little Lizzie Has Scurvy Case Study 21 Aunt Tillie Is Getting Shorter Case Study 22 Mike Writhes On the Floor Case Study 23 Nebraska Pioneer Women Glossary Index