Diagnostic Imaging: Spine

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Product Description Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Spine, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for general radiologists, neuroradiologists, and trainees-anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today's spinal imaging. Drs. Jeffrey Ross, Kevin Moore, and their team of highly regarded experts provide updated information on disease identification and imaging techniques to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice. Serves as a one-stop resource for key concepts and information on radiologic imaging and interpretation of spine, spinal cord, and bony vertebral conditions Features more than 2,600 full-color illustrations, including radiologic, pathologic, and clinical images Contains new chapters on recent surgery protocols such as spine instability neoplastic scoring (SINS) and epidural spinal cord compression scale (ESSC) Features updates from cover to cover including revisions in accordance with new information on inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and systemic manifestations of diseases Provides expanded imaging details for metastatic diseases to accommodate recent significant changes, including new categories of oncologic surgery driven by the use of proton beam radiotherapy, PET MR as a diagnostic modality, and new FDA-approved hardware Includes new information on areas of demyelinating diseases related to better understanding of MS, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and anti-MOG disorders; a variety of spinal CSF leak pathologies that cause intracranial hypotension; genetic and disease information on schwannomatosis; and much more Uses bulleted, succinct text and highly templated chapters for quick comprehension of essential information at the point of care Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices Review Thousands of annotated images and updated content keep you current in spinal imaging About the Author Jeffrey S. Ross, MD is Professor of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Phoenix, AZ. He's a Consultant in the Neuroradiology Division of the Department of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic in Arizona Kevin R. Moore, MD is an Adjunct Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences at the University of UT School of Medicine in Salt Lake City, UT. He is a pediatric radiologist and pediatric neuroradiologist. Front Cover Diagnostic Imaging Spine Table of Contents Copyright Page Dedication Contributing Authors Preface Acknowledgments Section 1: Congenital and Genetic Disorders PART 1: NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS Chapter 1. Normal Anatomy Imaging Anatomy Selected References Chapter 2. Measurement Techniques Terminology Pathology-Based Imaging Issues Selected References Chapter 3. MR Artifacts TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 4. Normal Variant TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 5. Craniovertebral Junction Variants TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 6. Ponticulus Posticus TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 7. Ossiculum Terminale TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 8. Conjoined Nerve Roots TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 9. Limbus Vertebra TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 10. Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 11. Bone Island TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 12. Ventriculus Terminalis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 2: CHIARI DISORDERS Chapter 13. Approach to Chiari Historical Description of Chiari Malformations Types of Chiari Malformations Imaging Anatomy Incidence and Etiology Clinical Implications Differential Diagnosis Selected References Chapter 14. Chiari 1 TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 15. Complex Chiari TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 16. Chiari 2 TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 17. Chiari 3 TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 3: ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION Chapter 18. Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development Terminology Imaging Protocols Embryology Selected References Chapter 19. Myelomeningocele TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 20. Lipomyelomeningocele TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 21. Lipoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 22. Dorsal Dermal Sinus TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 23. Simple Coccygeal Dimple TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 24. Dermoid Cyst TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 25. Epidermoid Cyst TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 4: ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MESS Chapter 26. Tethered Spinal Cord TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 27. Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 28. Caudal Regression Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 29 Terminal Myelocystocele TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 30. Anterior Sacral Meningocele TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 31. Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 32. Sacrococcygeal Teratoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES PART 5: ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION Chapter 33. Craniovertebral Junction Embryology Terminology Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Imaging Protocols Embryology Pathology-Based Imaging Issues Clinical Implications Selected References Chapter 34. Paracondylar Process TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 35. Split Atlas TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 36. Klippel-Feil Spectrum TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 37. Failure of Vertebral Formation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 38. Vertebral Segmentation Failure TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 39. Split Cord Malformation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 40. Partial Vertebral Duplication TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 41. Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 42. Neurenteric Cyst TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 6: DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES Chapter 43. Os Odontoideum TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 44. Lateral Meningocele TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 45. Dorsal Spinal Meningocele TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 46. Dural Dysplasia TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 7: GENETIC DISORDERS Chapter 47. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 48. Neurofibromatosis Type 2 TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 49. Schwannomatosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 50. Achondroplasia TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 51. Mucopolysaccharidoses TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 52. Sickle Cell Disease TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 53. Osteogenesis Imperfecta TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 54. Tuberous Sclerosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 55. Osteopetrosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 56. Osteopetrosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 57. Gaucher Disease TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 58. Ochronosis IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 59. Connective Tissue Disorders TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 60. Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Section 2: Trauma PART 8: VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS, AND PARASPINAL MUSCLE Chapter 61. Fracture Classification Craniocervical Junction Cervical Fracture Classification Thoracolumbar Fracture Classification Unstable Fractures Selected References Chapter 62. Atlantooccipital Dislocation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 63. Ligamentous Injury IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 64. Occipital Condyle Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 65. Jefferson C1 Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 66. Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 67. Odontoid C2 Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 68. Burst C2 Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 69. Hangman's C2 Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 70. Apophyseal Ring Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 71. Cervical Hyperflexion Injury TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 72. Cervical Hyperextension Injury TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 73. Cervical Burst Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 74. Cervical Hyperflexion-Rotation Injury TERMINOLOGY IMAGING CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 75. Cervical Lateral Flexion Injury TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 76. Cervical Posterior Column Injury TERMINOLOGY IMAGING PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 77. Traumatic Disc Herniation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 78. Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 79. Facet-Lamina Thoracolumbar Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING PATHOLOGY SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 80. Fracture Dislocation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 81. Chance Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 82. Thoracic and Lumbar Hyperextension Injury TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 83. Compression Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 84. Lumbar Facet-Posterior Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 85. Sacral Traumatic Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 86. Pedicle Stress Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 87. Sacral Insufficiency Fracture TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 9: CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS Chapter 88. SCIWORA TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 89. Posttraumatic Syrinx TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 90. Presyrinx Edema TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 91. Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 92. Central Spinal Cord Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 93. Traumatic Dural Tear TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 94. Traumatic Epidural Hematoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 95. Traumatic Subdural Hematoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 96. Vascular Injury, Cervical TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 97. Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 98. Wallerian Degeneration TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Section 3: Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides PART 10: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES Chapter 99. Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease Disc Degeneration Bulge vs. Herniation Degenerative Endplate Changes Selected References Chapter 100. Degenerative Disc Disease TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 101. Degenerative Endplate Changes TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 102. Degenerative Arthritis of Craniovertebral Junction TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 103. Disc Bulge TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 104. Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 105. Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 106. Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 107. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 108. Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 109. Cervical Facet Arthropathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 110. Lumbar Facet Arthropathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 111. Facet Joint Synovial Cyst TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 112. Baastrup Disease TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 113. Bertolotti Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 114. Schmorl Node TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 115. Scheuermann Disease TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 116. Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 117. Congenital Spinal Stenosis, Idiopathic TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 118. Cervical Spondylosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 119. DISH TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 120. OPLL TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 121. Ossification Ligamentum Flavum TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 122. Retroodontoid Pseudotumor TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 11: SPONDYLOLISTHESIS AND SPONDYLOLYSIS Chapter 123. Spondylolisthesis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 124. Spondylolysis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 125. Instability TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 12: INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES Chapter 126. Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 127. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 128. Spondyloarthropathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 129. Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 130. Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 131. Ankylosing Spondylitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 132. CPPD TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 133. Gout TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 134. Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES PART 13: SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS Chapter 135. Introduction to Scoliosis Terminology Morphology of the Curvature Measurement of Scoliosis Risser Index Radiology Reporting of Scoliosis Role of Advanced Imaging Treatment of Scoliosis Postoperative Imaging Imaging Protocols Differential Diagnosis Selected References Chapter 136. Scoliosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 137. Kyphosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 138. Degenerative Scoliosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 139. Flat Back Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 140. Scoliosis Instrumentation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Section 4: Infection and Inflammatory Disorders PART 14: INFECTIONS Chapter 141. Pathways of Spread Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Pathologic Issues Clinical Implications Differential Diagnosis Selected References Chapter 142. Spinal Meningitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 143. Pyogenic Osteomyelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 144. Tuberculous Osteomyelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 145. Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 146. Osteomyelitis, C1-C2 TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 147. Brucellar Spondylitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 148. Septic Facet Joint Arthritis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 149. Paraspinal Abscess TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 150. Epidural Abscess TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 151. Subdural Abscess TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 152. Abscess, Spinal Cord TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 153. Viral Myelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 154. HIV Myelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 155. Syphilitic Myelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 156. Opportunistic Infections TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 157. Echinococcosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 158. Schistosomiasis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 159. Cysticercosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 15: INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS Chapter 160. Acute Transverse Myelopathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 161. Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 162. Multiple Sclerosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 163. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 164. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Autoantibody Myelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 165. ADEM TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 166. Guillain-Barré Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 167. CIDP TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 168. Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 169. Grisel Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 170. Paraneoplastic Myelopathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 171. IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Section 5: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses PART 16: NEOPLASMS: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Chapter 172. Spread of Neoplasms Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Pathologic Issues Clinical Implications Selected References Introduction NOMS Framework ESCC Scale SINS Scoring Selected References Chapter 173. Imaging of Metastatic Disease Introduction NOMS Framework ESCC Scale SINS Scoring Selected References Chapter 174. Blastic Osseous Metastases TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 175. Lytic Osseous Metastases TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 176. Hemangioma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 177. Osteoid Osteoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 178. Osteoblastoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 179. Aneurysmal Bone Cyst TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 180. Giant Cell Tumor TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 181. Osteochondroma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 182. Chondrosarcoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 183. Osteosarcoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 184. Chordoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 185. Ewing Sarcoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 186. Lymphoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 187. Leukemia TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 188. Plasmacytoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 189. Multiple Myeloma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 190. Neuroblastic Tumor TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 191. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 192. Angiolipoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 17: INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY Chapter 193. Schwannoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 194. Melanotic Schwannoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 195. Meningioma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 196. Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 197. Neurofibroma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 198. Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 199. Metastases, CSF Disseminated TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 200. Paraganglioma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 18: INTRAMEDULLARY Chapter 201. Astrocytoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 202. Ependymoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 203. Myxopapillary Ependymoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 204. Hemangioblastoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 205. Spinal Cord Metastases TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 206. Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 207. Ganglioglioma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES PART 19: NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS Chapter 208. CSF Flow Artifact TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 209. Meningeal Cyst TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 210. Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 211. Syringomyelia TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 20: NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES AND TUMOR MIMICS Chapter 212. Epidural Lipomatosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 213. Normal Fatty Marrow Variants TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 214. Fibrous Dysplasia TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 215. Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of Neuraxis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 216. Kümmell Disease TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 217. Hirayama Disease TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 21: CSF LEAK DISORDERS Chapter 218. Introduction and Overview of CSF Leak Terminology Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Imaging Protocols Selected References Chapter 219. Intracranial Hypotension TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 220. Fast CSF Leak/Meningeal Diverticulum TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 221. Fast CSF Leak/Ventral Dural Tear TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 222. Slow CSF Leak/CSF Venous Fistula TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 223. Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 22: VASCULAR: VASCULAR ANATOMY AND CONGENITAL LESIONS Chapter 224. Vascular Anatomy Terminology Imaging Anatomy Embryology Selected References Chapter 225. Persistent First Intersegmental Artery TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 226. Persistent Hypoglossal Artery TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 227. Persistent Proatlantal Artery TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES PART 23: VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS Chapter 228. Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (Type 1) TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 229. Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformation (Type 2) TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 230. Complex Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformation (Type 3) TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 231. Spinal Perimedullary Fistula (Type 4) TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 232. Conus Arteriovenous Malformation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 233. Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 234. Spinal Epidural Arteriovenous Fistula TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 235. Cavernous Malformation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 24: VASCULAR MISCELLANEOUS Chapter 236. Spinal Artery Aneurysm TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 237. Spinal Cord Infarction TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 238. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 239. Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 240. Subdural Hematoma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 241. Superficial Siderosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 242. Hematomyelia/Nontraumatic Cord Hemorrhage TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 243. Bow Hunter Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 244. Vertebral Artery Dissection TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 25: SYSTEMIC DISORDERS: SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES Chapter 245. Osteoporosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 246. Paget Disease TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 247. Hyperparathyroidism TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 248. Renal Osteodystrophy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 249. Hyperplastic Vertebral Marrow TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 250. Myelofibrosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 251. Bone Infarction TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 252. Extramedullary Hematopoiesis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 253. Tumoral Calcinosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 254. Sarcoidosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 255. Hemophilic Pseudotumor TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 256. EBV-Associated Smooth Muscle Tumor TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 257. Subacute Combined Degeneration TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Section 6: Peripheral Nerve and Plexus PART 26: PLEXUS AND PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS Chapter 258. Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy Terminology Imaging Anatomy Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Clinical Implications Differential Diagnosis Selected References Chapter 259. Superior Sulcus Tumor TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 260. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 261. Muscle Denervation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 262. Brachial Plexus Traction Injury TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 263. Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 264. Traumatic Neuroma TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 265. Radiation Plexopathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 266. Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 267. Hypertrophic Neuropathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Section 7: Spine Postprocedural Imaging PART 27: POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING AND COMPLICATIONS Chapter 268. Surgical Approaches Considerations Upper Cervical Spine Lower Cervical Spine Posterior Cervical Spine Thoracic Spine Lumbar Spine Selected References Chapter 269. Normal Postoperative Change TERMINOLOGY SELECTED REFERENCES TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 270. Myelography Complications TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 271. Vertebroplasty Complications TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 272. Failed Back Surgery Syndrome TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 273. Recurrent Disc Herniation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 274. Peridural Fibrosis TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 275. Arachnoiditis/Adhesions TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 276. Arachnoiditis Ossificans TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 277. Accelerated Degeneration TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 278. Postoperative Infection TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 279. Pseudomeningocele TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 280. Postsurgical Deformity TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 28: HARDWARE Chapter 281. Metal Artifact TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 282. Occipitocervical Fixation TERMINOLOGY PREPROCEDURE PROCEDURE POST PROCEDURE OUTCOMES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 283. Plates and Screws TERMINOLOGY IMAGING PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 284. Cages TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 285. Interbody Fusion Devices TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 286. Interspinous Spacing Devices TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 287. Cervical Artificial Disc TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 288. Lumbar Artificial Disc TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 289. Hardware Failure TERMINOLOGY IMAGING PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 290. Bone Graft Complications TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 292. rhBMP-2 Complications TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 293. Heterotopic Bone Formation TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES PART 29: POST RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY COMPLICATIONS Chapter 294. Radiation Myelopathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 295. Postirradiation Vertebral Marrow TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Chapter 296. Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy TERMINOLOGY IMAGING DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY CLINICAL ISSUES DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST SELECTED REFERENCES Index