Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications

Description

Intensive use of fossil-based energy sources causes significant environmental problems on a global scale. Researchers have been working for several decades to find alternative energy solutions to fossil fuels. Algae are a renewable energy source, with high potential for increasing scarce resources and reducing environmental problems caused by fossil fuel use. Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications gives the reader a comprehensive picture of the industrial use of algae for generating power. This book informs readers about the existence of alternative species to the currently used algae species for biofuel production, while also explaining the methods and current concepts in sustainable biofuel production. Key Features - Fifteen chapters covering topics on commercial algae species and algal biofuel production. - Covers anaerobic biotechnology and basic biofuel production from thermal liquefaction - Covers biodiesel production and algal biofuel characterization - Introduces the reader to applied microbial fuel cell technology and algae cultivation methods - Provides concepts about ecological engineering - Covers microalgae culture and biofuel production techniques - Explains the importance of catalysts - Explains the economic evaluation of algae fuel production technology This reference is essential reading for students and academics involved in environmental science, biotechnology, chemical engineering and sustainability education programs. It also serves as a reference for general readers who want to understand the ins and outs of algal biofuel technology. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Preface List of Contributors Introduction Cemil Koyunoğlu1,* and Hüseyin Karaca2 INTRODUCTION Photobioreactors Heterotrophic Bioreactors Outdoor Pools CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Anaerobic Algal Biotechnology Ece Polat1,* INTRODUCTION Step 1: Hydrolysis Step 2: Fermentation or Acidogenesis Step 3: Acetogenesis Step 4: Methanogenesis BIOGAS PRODUCTION VIA ANAEROBIC DIGESTION Biogas Production Global Overview Costs Agricultural Waste Products (Mostly Slurry and Fertilizer): 0 USD / GJ - 6 USD / GJ CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Thermal Liquefaction Based Algal Biotechnology Cemil Koyunoğlu1,* and Hüseyin Karaca2 INTRODUCTION THERMAL LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Biodiesel Production from Algae Oil Fevzi Yaşar1,* INTRODUCTION Algae Oil Characterization And Fatty Acid Distribution Biodiesel Production from Algae Oil EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Analysis of Fuel Properties of Algae Oil Biodiesel Evaluation of Fuel Properties CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Algal Biodiesel Chemical Characterization Cemil Koyunoğlu1,* and Fevzi Yaşar2 INTRODUCTION ALGAE OIL AND ITS PROPERTIES ANALYSIS OF FUEL PROPERTIES OF ALGAE OIL BIODIESEL CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) Technology Mesut Yılmazoğlu1,* INTRODUCTION Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) ANODE MATERIALS CATHODE MATERIALS MEMBRANE MATERIALS MFC TYPES TWO-CHAMBER MFC SINGLE-CHAMBER MFC CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Algae Cultivation in Different Systems Fevzi Yaşar1,* INTRODUCTION OPEN POND SYSTEMS CLOSED POND SYSTEMS VARIOUS PHOTOBIOREACTORS FOR ALGAL CULTIVATION Vertical Column Photobioreactors TUBULAR PHOTOBIOREACTOR Helical Tubular Photobioreactors Bubble Column Photobioreactor (BC-PBR) Flat Plate Photobioreactor Heterotrophic Cultivation Mixotrophic Cultivation Integrated Systems CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Use of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) in Food Industry Wastewater Treatment Mesut Yılmazoğlu1,* INTRODUCTION COMPONENTS OF MFC Anode Cell Cathode Cell PROTON SELECTIVE MEMBRANE ELECTRICTY FORMATION IN MFCS FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION Food Industry Wastewater Treatment Use of MFCs in Food Industry Wastewater Treatment CONSEQUENCE-RESTRICTING FACTORS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Development of Algae Oil Production With Ecological Engineering Cemil Koyunoğlu1,2,* and Hüseyin Karaca3 INTRODUCTION FINDINGS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Microalgae Culture Oya Işık1,* and Leyla Uslu1 INTRODUCTION CULTIVATION OF ALGAE IN PONDS 3. PHOTOBIOREACTORS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Different Species of Algae Cemil Koyunoğlu1,* and Hüseyin Karaca2 INTRODUCTION KEY FEATURES FOR DETERMINING ALG SPECIES Temperature pH Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Electrical Conductivity (μS/cm) Salinity (%) ALGAE SPECIES Chroococcus turgidus Chroococcus limneticus Chroococcus minimus Chroococcus minör Microcystis aeruginosa Microcystis flos-aquae Gomphosphaeria aponina Merismopedia Tenuissima Merismopedia minima Merismopedia punctata Aphanocapsa incerta Pseudanabaena limnetica Oscillatoria limosa Ag Oscillatoria rubescens Oscillatoria tenuis Oscillatoria brevis Oscillatoria brevis Oscillatoria amphibia Oscillatoria prolifica Oscillatoria princeps Lyngbya limnetica Lyngbya contorta Oscillatoria majör Lyngbya wollei Oscillatoria formosa Phormidium ambiguum Anabaenopsis elenkinii Anabaena affinis Anabaena flos-aquae Anabaena catenula Spirulina Laxissima Arthrospira majör Spirulina nordstedtii Plectonema notatum Cystoseira barbata Ulva rigida Gracilaria verrucose Chroococcus nägeli Chroococcus dimidiatus Pleurococcus minör Gloeocapsa kützing Gloeocapsa quaternata Spirulina turpin Ex gomont Spirulina subsalsa oersted Spirulina subtilissima kützing Spirulina meneghiniana (zanardini) gomont Spirulina Major kützing Leptolyngbya Leptolyngbya tenuis Planktolyngbya Planktolyngbya subtilis Limnothrix Limnothrix amphigranulata Jaaginema anagnostidis Jaaginema pseudogeminata Oscillatoria vaucher Oscillatoria princeps vaucher ex gomont Oscillatoria proteus skuja Oscillatoria boryana bory Oscillatoria calcuttensis Biswas Lyngbya C. agardh ex gomont Lyngbya contorta lemmermann Phormidium kützing ex gomont Phormidium chlorinum (kützing) Phormidium willei Phormidium terebriforme Phormidium amphibium Phormidium formosum Phormidium splendens Calothrix thermalis Calothrix marchica lemmermann Mastigocladus cf. laminosus CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Lipid Production in Microalgae Leyla Uslu1,* and Oya Işık1 INTRODUCTION CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES The Science of Catalysts in Algae Oil Production Cemil Koyunoğlu1,2,* and Hüseyin Karaca3 HOMOGEN CATALYSTS HETEROGEN CATALYSTS Lipase Catalysts ENZYME DETENTION METHODS ADVANTAGES OF CAPTURING ENZYMES ADSORPTION TRAPPING ENZYMES ENCAPSULATION IONIC BONDING COVALENT BONDING Covalent Binding of Lipase to Perlite Support CROSS-LINKING CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Economical Fundamentals for Algae to Fuel Technology Cemil Koyunoğlu1,2,* LIFETIME COST CALCULATION OF ASSETS PRESENT VALUE FACTOR CAPITAL RECOVERY FACTOR ANNUAL COST EXERGY COST CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Closing Remarks Cemil Koyunoğlu1,2,* and Hüseyin Karaca3 INTRODUCTION Microalgae OIL EXTRACTION FROM SEEDS Mechanical Pressing Process Solvent Extraction Supercritical Fluid Extraction BIOFUEL FROM MARINE CREATURES Biofuel from Algae CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover