Fundamentals and applications of microfluidics

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Fundamentals and Applications of Microfluidics, Third Edition Contents Preface to the Third Edition Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 WHAT IS MICROFLUIDICS? 1.1.1 Relationships Among MEMS, Nanotechnology, and Microfluidics 1.1.2 Commercial Aspects 1.1.3 Scientific Aspects 1.2 MILESTONES OF MICROFLUIDICS 1.2.1 Microscale Fluidic Phenomena 1.2.2 Device Development 1.2.3 Technology Development 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK References Chapter 2 Fluid Mechanics Theory 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 Intermolecular Forces 2.1.2 The Three States of Matter 2.1.3 Continuum Assumption 2.2 CONTINUUM FLUID MECHANICS AT SMALL SCALES 2.2.1 Gas Flows 2.2.2 Liquid Flows 2.2.3 Boundary Conditions 2.2.4 Parallel Flows 2.2.5 Low Reynolds Number Flows 2.2.6 Entrance Effects 2.2.7 Surface Tension 2.3 MOLECULAR APPROACHES 2.3.1 MD 2.3.2 DSMC Technique 2.4 ELECTROKINETICS 2.4.1 Electro-Osmosis 2.4.2 Electrophoresis 2.4.3 Dielectrophoresis 2.5 MICROMAGNETOFLUIDICS 2.5.1 Ferrohydrodynamics 2.5.2 Magnetorheology 2.6 OPTOFLUIDICS 2.6.1 Optofluidic Lenses 2.7 MICROACOUSTOFLUIDICS 2.8 CONCLUSION Problems References Chapter 3 Fabrication Techniques for Microfluidics 3.1 BASIC MICROTECHNIQUES 3.1.1 Photolithography 3.1.2 Additive Techniques 3.1.3 Subtractive Techniques 3.1.4 Pattern Transfer Techniques 3.2 FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 3.2.1 Materials Related to Silicon Technology 3.2.2 Polymers 3.3 SILICON-BASED MICROMACHINING TECHNIQUES 3.3.1 Silicon Bulk Micromachining 3.3.2 Silicon Surface Micromachining 3.4 POLYMER-BASED MICROMACHINING TECHNIQUES 3.4.1 Thick Resist Lithography 3.4.2 Polymeric Bulk Micromachining 3.4.3 Polymeric Surface Micromachining 3.4.4 Microstereo Lithography (MSL) 3.4.5 Micromolding 3.5 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR PAPER-BASED MICROFLUIDICS 3.5.1 Wax Printing 3.5.2 Inkjet Printing 3.5.3 Paper Photolithography 3.5.4 Flexographic Printing 3.6 OTHER MICROMACHINING TECHNIQUES 3.6.1 Subtractive Techniques 3.6.2 Additive Techniques 3.7 ASSEMBLY AND PACKAGING OF MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES 3.7.1 Wafer-Level Assembly and Packaging 3.7.2 Device-Level Packaging 3.8 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 3.8.1 Material Response 3.8.2 Tissue and Cellular Response Problems References Chapter 4Experimental Flow Characterization 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1.1 Pointwise MethodsLaser Doppler velocimetry ( 4.1.2 Full-Field Methods 4.2 OVERVIEW OF PIV 4.2.1 Fundamental Physics Considerations of PIV 4.2.2 Special Processing Methods for PIV Recordings 4.2.3 Advanced Processing Methods Suitable for Both Micro/Macro-PIV Recordings 4.3 PIV EXAMPLES 4.3.1 Flow in a Microchannel 4.3.2 Flow in a Micronozzle 4.3.3 Flow Around a Blood Cell 4.3.4 Flow in Microfluidic Biochip 4.3.5 Conclusions 4.4 EXTENSIONS OF THE PIV TECHNIQUE 4.4.1 Microfluidic Nanoscope 4.4.2 Microparticle Image Thermometry 4.4.3 Infrared PIV 4.4.4 Particle-Tracking Velocimetry Problems References Chapter 5 Microfluidics for External Flow Control 5.1 VELOCITY AND TURBULENCE MEASUREMENT 5.1.1 Velocity Sensors 5.1.2 Shear Stress Sensors 5.2 TURBULENCE CONTROL 5.2.1 Microflaps 5.2.2 Microballoon 5.2.3 Microsynthetic Jet 5.3 MICROAIR VEHICLES 5.3.1 Fixed-Wing MAV 5.3.3 Microrotorcraft 5.3.4 Microrockets References Chapter 6 Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control:Microvalves 6.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 6.1.1 Actuators 6.1.2 Valve Spring 6.1.3 Valve Seat 6.1.4 Pressure Compensation Design 6.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES 6.2.1 Methods of Valve Integration 6.2.2 Pneumatic Valves 6.2.3 Pinch Valves 6.2.4 Thermopneumatic Valves 6.2.5 Thermomechanical Valves 6.2.6 Piezoelectric Valves 6.2.7 Electrostatic Valves 6.2.8 Electromagnetic Valves 6.2.9 Electrochemical and Chemical Valves 6.2.10 Capillary-Force Valves 6.3 SUMMARY Problems References Chapter 7 Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control:Micropumps 7.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 7.1.1 Mechanical Pumps 7.1.2 Nonmechanical Pumps 7.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES 7.2.1 Mechanical Pumps 7.2.2 Nonmechanical Pumps 7.3 SUMMARY Problems References Chapter 8 Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: MicroflowSensors 8.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 8.1.1 Design Parameters 8.1.2 Nonthermal Flow Sensors 8.1.3 Thermal Flow Sensors 8.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES 8.2.1 Nonthermal Flow Sensors 8.2.2 Thermal Flow Sensors 8.3 SUMMARY Problems References Chapter 9 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microneedles 9.1 DELIVERY STRATEGIES 9.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 9.2.1 Mechanical Design 9.2.2 Delivery Modes 9.3 DESIGN EXAMPLES 9.3.1 Solid Microneedles 9.3.2 Hollow Microneedles 9.3.3 Bio-Inspired Microneedles 9.3.4 Polymeric Microneedles 9.4 SUMMARY Problems References Chapter 10 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Micromixers 10.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 10.1.1 Parallel Lamination 10.1.2 Sequential Lamination 10.1.3 Sequential Segmentation 10.1.4 Segmentation Based on Injection 10.1.5 Focusing of Mixing Streams 10.1.6 Formation of Droplets and Chaotic Advection 10.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES 10.2.1 Passive Micromixers 10.2.2 Active Micromixers 10.3 SUMMARY Problems References Chapter 11 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microdispensers 11.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 11.1.1 Droplet Dispensers 11.1.2 In-Channel Dispensers 11.1.3 Applications of In-Channel Dispensers 11.2 DESIGN EXA 11.2.1 Droplet Dispensers 11.2.2 In-Channel Dispensers 11.3 SUMMARY Problems References Chapter 12 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry:Microfilters and Microseparators 12.1 MICROFILTERS 12.1.1 Design Considerations 12.1.2 Design Examples 12.2 MICROSEPARATORS FOR CELL AND PARTICLE SORTING 12.2.1 Active Sorting 12.2.2 Passive Sorting 12.3 CHROMATOGRAPHY 12.3.1 Design Considerations 12.3.2 Gas Chromatography 12.3.3 Liquid Chromatography 12.4 ELECTROPHORESIS 12.5 OTHER SEPARATION CONCEPTS 12.6 SUMMARY Problems References Chapter 13 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microreactors 13.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 13.1.1 Specification Bases for Microreactors 13.1.2 Miniaturization of Chemical Processes 13.1.3 Functional Elements of a Microreactor 13.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES 13.2.1 Gas-Phase Reactors 13.2.2 Liquid-Phase Reactors 13.2.3 Multiphase Reactors 13.2.4 Microreactors for Cell Culture 13.2.5 Microreactors for Cell Treatment 13.2.6 Hybridization Arrays 13.3 SUMMARY Problems References Appendix A: List of Symbols Appendix B: Resources for Microfluidics Research Appendix C: Abbreviations of Different Plastics Appendix D: Linear Elastic Deflection Models About the Authors Index