The ABSITE Review

Description

Credits Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Sixth Edition 1 Cell Biology CELL MEMBRANE CELL CYCLE NUCLEUS, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION CELLULAR METABOLISM OTHER CELL ORGANELLES, ENZYMES, AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 2 Hematology INTRODUCTION COAGULATION FACTORS COAGULATION MEASUREMENTS BLEEDING DISORDERS HYPERCOAGULABILITY DISORDERS DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS (DVT) PULMONARY EMBOLISM (PE) HEMATOLOGIC DRUGS 3 Blood Products INTRODUCTION HEMOLYSIS REACTIONS OTHER REACTIONS OTHER TRANSFUSION PROBLEMS 4 Immunology T CELLS (THYMUS) – CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY B CELLS (BONE) – ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (HUMORAL) MHC CLASSES NATURAL KILLER CELLS ANTIBODIES IL-2 TETANUS 5 Infection INTRODUCTION MICROFLORA FEVER GRAM-NEGATIVE SEPSIS CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE COLITIS (PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS) ABSCESSES WOUND INFECTION (SURGICAL SITE INFECTION) LINE INFECTIONS NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS FUNGAL INFECTION SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS (SBP; PRIMARY) SECONDARY BACTERIAL PERITONITIS HIV HEPATITIS C CMV INFECTION OTHER INFECTIONS 6 Antibiotics INTRODUCTION ANTIBIOTIC MECHANISM OF ACTION MECHANISM OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE APPROPRIATE DRUG LEVELS SPECIFIC ANTIBIOTICS 7 Medicines and Pharmacology INTRODUCTION 8 Anesthesia ANESTHESIA INDUCTION INHALATIONAL INDUCTION AGENTS INTRAVENOUS INDUCTION AGENTS MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PARALYTICS) LOCAL ANESTHETICS NARCOTICS (OPIOIDS) BENZODIAZEPINES EPIDURAL AND SPINAL ANESTHESIA PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 9 Fluids and Electrolytes TOTAL BODY WATER MAINTENANCE IV FLUIDS FLUID RESUSCITATION (FOR SIGNIFICANT DEHYDRATION) GI FLUID SECRETION GI ELECTROLYTE LOSSES POTASSIUM (NORMAL 3.5–5.0) SODIUM (NORMAL 135–145) CALCIUM (NORMAL 8.5–10.0; NORMAL IONIZED CA 1.0–1.5) MAGNESIUM (NORMAL 2.0–2.7) PHOSPHATE (NORMAL 2.5–4.5) METABOLIC ACIDOSIS METABOLIC ALKALOSIS ACUTE RENAL FAILURE TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME VITAMIN D (CHOLECALCIFEROL) CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE 10 Nutrition INTRODUCTION PREOPERATIVE NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (RQ) POSTOPERATIVE PHASES STARVATION OR MAJOR STRESS (SURGERY, TRAUMA, SYSTEMIC ILLNESS) NITROGEN BALANCE FAT DIGESTION CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION PROTEIN DIGESTION CENTRAL VENOUS TPN (GENERAL COMPOSITION) CORI CYCLE METABOLIC SYNDROME (NEED 3) 11 Oncology INTRODUCTION TUMOR MARKERS ONCOGENESIS RADIATION THERAPY (XRT) CHEMOTHERAPY AGENTS MISCELLANEOUS 12 Transplantation TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY DRUGS TYPES OF REJECTION KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION LIVER TRANSPLANTATION PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION HEART TRANSPLANTATION LUNG TRANSPLANTATION OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS 13 Inflammation and Cytokines INFLAMMATION PHASES GROWTH AND ACTIVATING FACTORS TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS NITRIC OXIDE (NO) IMPORTANT CYTOKINES INTERFERONS HEPATIC ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE PROTEINS CELL ADHESION MOLECULES COMPLEMENT PROSTAGLANDINS LEUKOTRIENES CATECHOLAMINES MISCELLANEOUS 14 Wound Healing WOUND HEALING PLATELET GRANULES 15 Trauma TRAUMA STATISTICS/EARLY ISSUES BLOOD TRANSFUSION HEAD INJURY SPINE TRAUMA MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA NECK TRAUMA CHEST TRAUMA PELVIC TRAUMA DUODENAL TRAUMA SMALL BOWEL TRAUMA COLON TRAUMA (SIGMOID COLON CONSIDERED LEFT COLON HERE) RECTAL TRAUMA LIVER TRAUMA SPLEEN TRAUMA PANCREATIC TRAUMA VASCULAR TRAUMA ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA RENAL TRAUMA BLADDER TRAUMA URETERAL TRAUMA URETHRAL TRAUMA PEDIATRIC TRAUMA TRAUMA DURING PREGNANCY OTHER 16 Critical Care CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM SHOCK EMBOLI INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON PUMP (IABP) RECEPTORS CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS PULMONARY SYSTEM RENAL SYSTEM SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME (SIRS) BRAIN DEATH OTHER CONDITIONS 17 Burns INTRODUCTION ADMISSION CRITERIA BURN ASSESSMENT CHILD ABUSE LUNG AND AIRWAY INJURY UNUSUAL BURNS 1ST WEEK – EARLY EXCISION OF BURNED AREAS AND START NUTRITION 2ND TO 5TH WEEKS – SPECIALIZED AREAS ADDRESSED, ALLOGRAFT REPLACED WITH AUTOGRAFT BURN WOUND INFECTIONS COMPLICATIONS AFTER BURNS RENAL ISSUES WITH SEVERE BURNS FROSTBITE ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME AND VARIANTS 18 Plastics, Skin, and Soft Tissues SKIN FLAPS UV RADIATION MELANOMA BASAL CELL CARCINOMA SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA OTHER CONDITIONS 19 Head and Neck ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ORAL CAVITY CANCER PHARYNGEAL CANCER LARYNGEAL CANCER SALIVARY GLAND CANCERS EAR NOSE NECK AND JAW ABSCESSES ASYMPTOMATIC HEAD AND NECK MASSES OTHER CONDITIONS 20 Pituitary ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PROLACTINOMA ACROMEGALY (GROWTH HORMONE) OTHER CONDITIONS 21 Adrenal INTRODUCTION ASYMPTOMATIC ADRENAL MASS ADRENAL CORTEX ADRENAL MEDULLA 22 Thyroid ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THYROID STORM ASYMPTOMATIC THYROID NODULE ABNORMALITIES OF THYROID DESCENT HYPERTHYROIDISM TREATMENT CAUSES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM CAUSES OF THYROIDITIS THYROID CANCER 23 Parathyroid ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM TERTIARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM FAMILIAL HYPERCALCEMIC HYPOCALCIURIA PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM PARATHYROID CANCER MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES HYPERCALCEMIA 24 Breast ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BENIGN BREAST DISEASE NIPPLE DISCHARGE DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU (DCIS) LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU (LCIS) BREAST CANCER 25 Thoracic ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS LUNG CANCER CARCINOIDS BRONCHIAL ADENOMAS HAMARTOMAS MEDIASTINAL TUMORS IN ADULTS TRACHEA LUNG ABSCESS EMPYEMA CHYLOTHORAX MASSIVE HEMOPTYSIS SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX OTHER CONDITIONS 26 Cardiac CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE ADULT CARDIAC DISEASE VALVE DISEASE ENDOCARDITIS OTHER CARDIAC CONDITIONS 27 Vascular INTRODUCTION ATHEROSCLEROSIS STAGES CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE THORACIC AORTIC DISEASE ABDOMINAL AORTIC DISEASE PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD) AMPUTATIONS ACUTE ARTERIAL EMBOLI ACUTE ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS RENAL VASCULAR DISEASE UPPER EXTREMITY MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA VISCERAL AND PERIPHERAL ANEURYSMS OTHER VASCULAR DISEASES VENOUS DISEASE LYMPHATICS 28 Gastrointestinal Hormones 29 Esophagus ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PHARYNGOESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS DIVERTICULA ACHALASIA DIFFUSE ESOPHAGEAL SPASM NUTCRACKER ESOPHAGUS SCLERODERMA GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) HIATAL HERNIA SCHATZKI’S RING BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS ESOPHAGEAL CANCER LEIOMYOMA ESOPHAGEAL POLYPS CAUSTIC ESOPHAGEAL INJURY PERFORATIONS 30 Stomach ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GASTRIC VOLVULUS MALLORY–WEISS TEAR VAGOTOMIES UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING (UGI BLEEDING) DUODENAL ULCERS GASTRIC ULCERS STRESS GASTRITIS CHRONIC GASTRITIS GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS (GISTS) MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE LYMPHOMA (MALT LYMPHOMA) GASTRIC LYMPHOMAS MORBID OBESITY POSTGASTRECTOMY COMPLICATIONS 31 Liver ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BILIRUBIN BILE JAUNDICE VIRAL HEPATITIS LIVER FAILURE SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS (PRIMARY BACTERIAL PERITONITIS) ESOPHAGEAL VARICES PORTAL HYPERTENSION BUDD–CHIARI SYNDROME SPLENIC VEIN THROMBOSIS PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS LIVER ABSCESSES BENIGN LIVER TUMORS MALIGNANT LIVER TUMORS 32 Biliary System ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHOLESTEROL AND BILE ACID SYNTHESIS GALLSTONES CHOLECYSTITIS ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS EMPHYSEMATOUS GALLBLADDER DISEASE GALLSTONE ILEUS COMMON BILE DUCT INJURIES BILE DUCT STRICTURES HEMOBILIA GALLBLADDER ADENOCARCINOMA BILE DUCT CANCER (CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA) CHOLEDOCHAL CYSTS PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS CHOLANGITIS SHOCK FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY OTHER CONDITIONS 33 Pancreas ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANNULAR PANCREAS PANCREAS DIVISUM HETEROTOPIC PANCREAS ACUTE PANCREATITIS PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS PANCREATIC FISTULAS PANCREATITIS-ASSOCIATED PLEURAL EFFUSION (OR ASCITES) CHRONIC PANCREATITIS PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY JAUNDICE WORKUP PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA NON-FUNCTIONAL ENDOCRINE TUMORS FUNCTIONAL ENDOCRINE PANCREATIC TUMORS 34 Spleen ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP) THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (TTP) POST-SPLENECTOMY SEPSIS SYNDROME (PSSS) HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS: MEMBRANE PROTEIN DEFECTS HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS: NON–MEMBRANE PROTEIN DEFECTS HODGKIN’S DISEASE NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA OTHER CONDITIONS 35 Small Bowel ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SHORT-GUT SYNDROME CAUSES OF STEATORRHEA NONHEALING FISTULA BOWEL OBSTRUCTION GALLSTONE ILEUS MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM DUODENAL DIVERTICULA CROHN’S DISEASE CARCINOID INTUSSUSCEPTION IN ADULTS BENIGN SMALL BOWEL TUMORS MALIGNANT SMALL BOWEL TUMORS (RARE) STOMAS APPENDICITIS OTHER APPENDIX ILEUS TYPHOID ENTERITIS (SALMONELLA) 36 Colorectal ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY POLYPS COLORECTAL CANCER FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS (FAP) LYNCH SYNDROMES (HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLON CANCER) SIGMOID VOLVULUS CECAL VOLVULUS ULCERATIVE COLITIS CARCINOID OF THE COLON AND RECTUM COLONIC OBSTRUCTION OGILVIE’S SYNDROME AMOEBIC COLITIS ACTINOMYCES DIVERTICULA LOWER GI BLEEDING DIVERTICULITIS DIVERTICULOSIS BLEEDING ANGIODYSPLASIA BLEEDING ISCHEMIC COLITIS PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS (C. DIFFICILE COLITIS) NEUTROPENIC TYPHLITIS (ENTEROCOLITIS) OTHER COLON DISEASES 37 Anal and Rectal INTRODUCTION HEMORRHOIDS RECTAL PROLAPSE CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA ANAL FISSURE ANORECTAL ABSCESS PILONIDAL CYSTS FISTULA-IN-ANO RECTOVAGINAL FISTULAS ANAL INCONTINENCE AIDS ANORECTAL PROBLEMS ANAL CANCER NODAL METASTASES 38 Hernias, Abdomen, and Surgical Technology INGUINAL HERNIAS FEMORAL HERNIA OTHER HERNIAS RECTUS SHEATH DESMOID TUMORS RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS MESENTERIC TUMORS RETROPERITONEAL TUMORS OMENTAL TUMORS PERITONEAL MEMBRANE CO2 PNEUMOPERITONEUM SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY 39 Urology ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY KIDNEY STONES TESTICULAR CANCER PROSTATE CANCER RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC, HYPERNEPHROMA) BLADDER CANCER TESTICULAR TORSION URETERAL TRAUMA BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) NEUROGENIC BLADDER NEUROGENIC OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY INCONTINENCE OTHER UROLOGIC DISEASES 40 Gynecology LIGAMENTS ULTRASOUND PREGNANCY ABORTIONS ENDOMETRIOSIS PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE MITTELSCHMERZ VAGINAL CANCER VULVAR CANCER OVARIAN CANCER ENDOMETRIAL CANCER CERVICAL CANCER OVARIAN CYSTS ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING OTHER GYNECOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 41 Neurosurgery INTRODUCTION CIRCLE OF WILLIS NERVE INJURY ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) STROKE HEMORRHAGE SPINAL CORD INJURY BRAIN TUMORS SPINE TUMORS PEDIATRIC NEUROSURGERY MISCELLANEOUS 42 Orthopedics BACKGROUND LOWER EXTREMITY NERVES LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION TERMINAL BRANCHES OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS UPPER EXTREMITY LOWER EXTREMITY LEG COMPARTMENTS COMPARTMENT SYNDROME PEDIATRIC ORTHOPEDICS BONE TUMORS OTHER ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS 43 Pediatric Surgery INTRODUCTION MAINTENANCE INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS CONGENITAL CYSTIC DISEASE OF THE LUNG MEDIASTINAL MASSES IN CHILDREN CHOLEDOCHAL CYST LYMPHADENOPATHY DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS AND CHEST WALL BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST CYSTIC HYGROMA THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST HEMANGIOMA NEUROBLASTOMA WILMS TUMOR (NEPHROBLASTOMA) HEPATOBLASTOMA MOST COMMONS MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM PYLORIC STENOSIS INTUSSUSCEPTION INTESTINAL ATRESIAS DUODENAL ATRESIA TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULAS (TEF) MALROTATION MECONIUM ILEUS NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC) CONGENITAL VASCULAR MALFORMATION IMPERFORATE ANUS GASTROSCHISIS OMPHALOCELE EXSTROPHY OF URINARY BLADDER HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE UMBILICAL HERNIA INGUINAL HERNIA HYDROCELE CYSTIC DUPLICATION BILIARY ATRESIA TERATOMA UNDESCENDED TESTICLES TRACHEOMALACIA LARYNGOMALACIA CHOANAL ATRESIA LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMATOSIS CEREBRAL PALSY 44 Statistics and Patient Safety INTRODUCTION TRIALS AND STUDIES QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES QUALITATIVE VARIABLES PATIENT SAFETY Appendix Index