Gold and Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications

Description

Gold and Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications provides detailed information on the preparation and utilization of Au- and Ag-based nanoparticles in a range of novel areas. Gold and silver nanoparticles offer a range of interesting properties, including unique size-dependent optoelectronic properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility, ease of synthesis and surface modification, excellent resistance to corrosion, and catalytic properties, hence paving the way to a wide range of cutting-edge applications with continual advances and innovations. Sections introduce gold and silver nanoparticles, fundamental theory, synthesis, and characterization techniques before focusing on requirements and preparation methods. Specific applications areas, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), sensing and biosensing, imaging, drug and gene delivery, disease diagnosis, catalysis, and optoelectronic device fabrication are covered. Finally, synthesis and applications of platinum- and palladium-based nanoparticles are discussed. This is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students across nanoscience and nanotechnology, chemistry, and materials science, as well as scientists, engineers, and R&D professionals with an interest in noble metal nanomaterials for a range of industrial applications. Cover Front Matter   Contributors Contents Chapter 1 - Plasmonic noble metal (Ag and Au) nanoparticles: From basics to colorimetric sensing applications 1.1 Plasmonics: A basic background 1.1.1 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) versus localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) 1.1.2 Dielectric functions of metals: Drude model 1.1.3 Extinction and scattering cross-sections of plasmonic NPs 1.1.3.1 Mie theory for spherical NPs 1.1.3.2 Generalized Mie theory for spheroidal NPs (Gans theory) 1.1.4 Experimental factors controlling LSPR 1.1.4.1 Effect of the surrounding medium 1.1.4.2 Effect of crystal composition 1.1.4.3 Effect of crystal size 1.1.4.4 Effect of crystal shape 1.1.4.5 Effect of structural configuration 1.1.4.6 Effect of interparticle coupling 1.2 Surface functionalization of Au and Ag NPs 1.2.1 Noncovalent interactions 1.2.2 Covalent interactions 1.2.2.1 Determination of NP core/surface ligand stoichiometries 1.2.3 Polymer-functionalized nanoparticles 1.2.4 Silica-coated metal nanoparticles 1.3 Design principles of nanoplasmonic colorimetric assays 1.3.1 Interparticle plasmon coupling colorimetric assays 1.3.1.1 Aggregation 1.3.1.2 Antiaggregation 1.3.2 Morphology/size-dependent colorimetric assays 1.3.2.1 Noble metal nanoparticle etch-based colorimetric sensors 1.3.2.2 Noble metal nanoparticle growth-based colorimetric sensors 1.3.2.3 In situ formation of NPs/seed-free colorimetric assay 1.3.2.4 Metallization of NPs/seed-mediated colorimetric assay 1.3.3 Ambient refractive index variations 1.4 Conclusions References Chapter 2 - Gold and silver nanoparticles: Properties and toxicity 2.1 Gold and silver nanoparticle properties 2.1.1 Gold and silver nanoparticle size 2.1.2 Gold and silver nanoparticle classification 2.1.3 Magnetic properties of gold nanoparticles 2.1.4 Optical properties of gold nanoparticles 2.1.5 Melting temperature of gold and silver nanoparticles 2.2 Release of silver nanoparticles from consumer products 2.3 Toxicity of silver and gold nanoparticles 2.3.1 Biodistribution of gold and silver nanoparticles 2.3.2 Cellular uptake of silver and gold nanoparticles 2.3.3 Gold nanoparticles toxicity 2.3.4 Silver nanoparticle toxicity 2.3.5 Comparative toxicity of Ag nanoparticles 2.4 Conclusion References Chapter 3 - Implementation of gold and silver nanoparticles in sensing and bioengineering 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Synthesis of nanoparticles of gold and silver 3.3 Noble metal NPs as sensing platform 3.3.1 Cation sensing 3.3.2 Anion sensing 3.3.3 Biosensing 3.4 Conclusion and future trends References Chapter 4 - Glucose biosensing with gold and silver nanoparticles for real-time applications 4.1 Introduction to glucose sensing 4.1.1 Importance of glucose sensing 4.2 Fundamentals and working of biosensor 4.2.1 Transducers 4.2.2 Parameters of a biosensor 4.3 Electrochemical glucose sensors 4.3.1 Third generation glucose sensor 4.3.2 Nonenzymatic glucose sensor 4.4 Colorimetric glucose sensors 4.5 The role of gold and silver nanoparticles in real-time application 4.5.1 Recent advancements on Au- and Ag-based electrochemical glucose sensors 4.5.2 Recent advancements on Au- and Ag-based colorimetric glucose sensors 4.6 Conclusion and scope References Chapter 5 - Atomically precise gold and silver nanoclusters: Synthesis and applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Synthesis of Au and Ag NCs 5.2.1 “From atoms to nanoclusters” or bottom-up approach 5.2.2 “Nanoparticles to nanoclusters” by a top-down approach 5.2.3 Postfunctionalization of nanoclusters 5.3 Characterization of Au and Ag NCs 5.4 Applications of Au and Ag NCs 5.4.1 Detection of metal ions and anions 5.4.2 Detection of small molecules 5.4.3 Detection of enzymatic activity 5.4.4 Detection of pesticides and explosives 5.5 Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter 6 - Array-based sensing using gold and silver nanoparticles 6.1 Array sensing 6.1.1 Design 6.1.2 Signal readout 6.1.3 Signal analysis 6.1.3.1 Data visualization 6.1.3.1.1 Bar Plots 6.1.3.1.2 Heat maps 6.1.3.1.3 Cluster heat maps 6.1.3.1.4 Radar plots 6.1.3.1.5 Color difference maps 6.1.3.2 Pattern recognition methods 6.1.4 Application area 6.2 Colorimetric array sensing 6.2.1 Gold nanoparticles 6.2.2 Silver nanoparticles 6.2.3 Combination of gold and silver nanoparticles 6.2.4 Core-shell nanoparticles 6.3 Luminescent array sensing 6.3.1 Fluorescence array sensing 6.3.2 Chemiluminescence array sensing 6.4 Multichannel array sensing 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7 - Synthesis, characterization, and applications of Ag and Au nanoparticles in obtaining electrochemical bio/sensors 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Synthetic approaches for nanoparticles 7.2.1 Bottom-up or chemical methods 7.2.2 Top-down or physical methods 7.2.3 Biogenic synthesis 7.2.3.1 Plants 7.2.3.2 Algae (phycosynthesis) 7.2.3.3 Bacteria 7.2.3.4 Fungi 7.3 Characterization techniques 7.3.1 SEM-EDS 7.3.2 TEM 7.3.3 XRD 7.3.4 UV-Vis spectroscopy 7.4 Electrochemical bio/sensing applications 7.4.1 Sensors 7.4.2 Biosensors 7.5 Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter 8 - Silver and gold nanoparticles: Potential cancer theranostic applications, recent development, challenges, and ... 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Historical and medicinal background of silver and gold compounds 8.2 Nanoparticles and its various synthetic approaches of silver and gold nanoparticles (brief overview) 8.2.1 Physical method 8.2.2 Chemical method 8.2.3 Biological method 8.3 Background of cancers 8.3.1 Global statistics and market for cancer 8.3.2 Various treatment strategies for cancers and their limitations 8.4 Role of metal nanoparticles in cancer therapy 8.5 Therapeutic applications of silver and gold nanoparticles for cancer theranostics (detailed discussion) 8.5.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.5.1.1 Biosynthesized AgNPs 8.5.1.2 Polymeric AgNPs 8.5.1.3 Silver nanocomplexes 8.5.1.4 Chemically synthesized AgNPs 8.5.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.5.2.1 Biosynthesized AuNPs 8.6 Other applications of gold and silver nanoparticles 8.6.1 Biomedical applications 8.6.1.1 Antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral) 8.6.1.1.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.1.1.1.1 Biosynthesized AgNPs 8.6.1.1.1.2 Polymeric AgNPs 8.6.1.1.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.6.1.1.2.1 Biosynthesized AuNPs 8.6.1.1.2.2 Chemically synthesized AuNPs 8.6.1.2 Drug and gene delivery 8.6.1.2.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.1.2.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.6.1.2.2.1 Biosynthesized AuNPs 8.6.1.2.2.2 AuNPs with polymer 8.6.1.3 Wound healing 8.6.1.3.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.1.3.1.1 Polymeric AgNPs 8.6.1.3.1.2 Silver nanocomplexes 8.6.1.3.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.6.1.3.2.1 Polymeric AuNPs 8.6.1.3.2.2 Biosynthesized AuNPs 8.6.1.4 Biosensor and bioimaging 8.6.1.4.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.1.4.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.6.2 Other industrial applications 8.6.2.1 Electronics 8.6.2.1.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.2.1.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.6.2.2 Catalysis 8.6.2.2.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.2.2.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.6.2.3 Environmental (wastewater treatment/water disinfection etc.) 8.6.2.3.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.2.3.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.6.2.4 Textile industry 8.6.2.4.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.2.4.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.6.2.5 Agriculture and food 8.6.2.5.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 8.6.2.5.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) 8.7 Toxicological issues of silver and gold nanoparticles 8.8 Challenges and future perspectives 8.9 Conclusions Acknowledgment Abbreviations References Chapter 9 - Recent progress in gold and silver nanoparticle mediated drug delivery to breast cancers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pathological whereabouts of breast cancer 9.3 Fundamental aspects of gold and silver nanoparticles: Overview of formation methods 9.4 Drug delivery mechanisms of nanoparticles 9.4.1 Active targeting 9.4.2 Passive targeting 9.5 Recent attempts of gold and silver nanoparticles treated breast cancers 9.5.1 Gold nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment 9.5.2 Silver nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment 9.6 Conclusions and future prospects References Chapter 10 - Silver and gold nanoparticles: Promising candidates as antimicrobial nanomedicines 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Antimicrobial potential of nanoparticles fabricated through physicochemical route 10.3 Antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles synthesized through biological route 10.4 Conclusions and future perspectives Abbreviations References Chapter 11 - Covalent organic framework-functionalized Au and Ag nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs): Synthesis methods 11.2.1 Chemical methods 11.2.2 Physical methods 11.2.3 Biological methods 11.3 COFs: Synthesis, characterization, and applications 11.3.1 Synthesis methods 11.3.1.1 Solvothermal synthesis 11.3.1.2 Ionothermal synthesis 11.3.1.3 Microwave synthesis 11.3.1.4 Mechanochemical synthesis 11.3.1.5 Room temperature synthesis 11.3.1.6 Interfacial synthesis 11.3.2 Characterization of COFs 11.3.3 Applications of COFs 11.3.3.1 Gas storage 11.3.3.2 Photoelectric applications 11.3.3.3 Catalysis 11.4 Synthesis and applications of COF@AuNPs and COF@AgNPs 11.5 Summary References Chapter 12 - Recent advancements in designing Au/Ag based plasmonic photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic degradation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 General characteristics of plasmonic and metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts 12.2.1 Plasmonic (Au/Ag) nanomaterials 12.2.2 TiO2 photocatalysts 12.3 Plasmonic photocatalysts 12.3.1 Mechanism of TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts and tailoring of optical properties 12.3.2 Synthesis of TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts 12.4 Application of TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts in the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants 12.4.1 Ag-TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts 12.4.2 Au-TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts 12.4.3 Ag-Au TiO2−1 based plasmonic photocatalysts 12.5 Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 13 - DNA functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Structure of DNA 13.1.2 Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles 13.2 Synthesis of DNA conjugated AuNPs and AgNPs 13.2.1 Attaching DNA on AuNPs/AgNPs surface via adsorption or covalent bond 13.2.2 Salt, pH, and surfactant-dependent conjugation 13.2.3 Freezing and thaw method 13.2.4 Mononucleotide-mediated conjugation 13.2.5 Microwave-assisted heating drying method 13.2.6 Low-density DNA conjugation on nanoparticles 13.3 Properties of DNA conjugated AuNPs and AgNPs 13.3.1 Sharp melting transition 13.3.2 Tighter binding to complementary DNA (cDNA) 13.3.3 Stability and cellular uptake of DNA conjugate AuNPs 13.4 Applications of DNA conjugated AuNPs/AgNPs 13.4.1 Sequence-specific detection of nucleic acids 13.4.2 Detection of heavy metal ions 13.4.3 Aptamer-based detection of small molecules 13.4.4 Fluorescence-based assays 13.4.5 DNA-AuNPs probes for therapy in living systems 13.4.6 Nucleic acid delivery 13.5 Summary References Index