Energy of the Russian Arctic: Ideals and Realities

Description

This volume is an energy-tailored sequel to the research on the Arctic carried out at MGIMO University. Specifically, the proposed book is grounded in the profound academic and practical expertise of the specialized body of MGIMO University – International Institute of Energy Policy and Diplomacy chaired by Prof. Valery Salygin. Thus, the research exclusively focuses on energy-related aspects of exploration of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). This particular region with its ample oil and gas resources has been comparatively and critically studied by a team of authors representing Russia, USA, France, Switzerland, Slovakia, and Lithuania from legislative, political, economic, technical, transport, environmental, sustainability, and security perspectives. Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction: Energy of the Russian Arctic. Quo Vadis? References Part I Governing Energy Projects in the Russian Arctic 2 International Legal Framework of Arctic Exploration 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.3 Strategic Context 2.4 Legal Regimes and Regulation 2.5 Overview of the International Legal Framework 2.6 Conclusions References 3 Russia’s Chairmanship in the Arctic Council: In Search of Balance? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Organizational Features of the AC 3.3 Russia’s Cooperation as a Member of the AC with Non-Arctic Countries 3.4 Conclusions References Part II Energy Economics of the Russian Arctic 4 Energy Complex of Russian Arctic 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Energy of the Russian Arctic: Main Dimensions 4.3 Conclusions References 5 New Trends in the Development of Energy Fields in the Russian Arctic 5.1 Introduction: The Novelty of the Situation 5.2 The Novoportovskoye Field as a Vivid Example of How the New Maritime Logistics of Arctic Projects Brings Soviet-Era Projects Out of Oblivion 5.3 Spatial Effects in New Energy Projects of Corporate Development of the Russian Arctic 5.3.1 The Effect of Spatial Localization—Platforms and Development Islands: Prirazlomnaya, Yamal LNG, Arctic LNG-2 5.3.2 District Effect: From the Vankor Development Project to the Vostok Oil Megaproject 5.3.3 Intercorporate Effect: Development of the Messoyakha Deposits and Other Projects 5.4 Bovanenkovskoye as a Greenfield-Brownfield Energy Project with Onshore Logistics 5.5 Syradasay Coking Coal Deposit as the Largest Non-oil and Gas Energy Project in the Russian Arctic 5.6 Minimizing the Carbon Footprint 5.7 Conclusions References 6 Rethinking Russia’s Energy Policy in the Arctic 6.1 Introduction 6.2 General Characteristics of the Oil and Gas Potential of the Russia’s Arctic 6.3 Internal Factors of ‘Rethinking’ of Russia’s Energy Policy in the Arctic 6.4 External Factors of the ‘Rethinking’ of Russia’s Energy Policy in the Arctic 6.5 Are There Any Prospects for Alternative Energy in the Russian Arctic? 6.6 Conclusions References 7 China’s Participation in Energy Cooperation with Russia in the Arctic 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Russia’s Arctic Hydrocarbon Development: Major Foreign Partners and China’s Role 7.3 China’s Interests in the Russian Arctic’s Energy Reserves 7.4 Russia–China Cooperation in LNG Projects in the Arctic 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Activities of Major Oil and Gas Companies in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Key Oil and Gas Projects in the AZRF: Great Expectations and Realities 8.3 Features of Cooperation Between Russian and Foreign Oil and Gas Companies in the AZRF 8.4 Social and Environmental Responsibility of Oil and Gas Companies in the AZRF 8.5 Conclusions References 9 The Exploration of Arctic Energy Resources and the Competitiveness of Big Russian Oil and Gas Companies 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodology and Statement of the Research Problem 9.3 Results 9.4 Discussion 9.5 Conclusions References 10 Expert Systems for Risk Management in the Energy Complex of the Arctic: A Lesson for Russian Oil and Gas Companies 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.2.1 Research at the Level of the Government of the Russian Federation 10.2.2 Research at the Corporate Level 10.3 Literature Review 10.4 Building an Expert System: Research Methods 10.5 Results 10.5.1 The Base of Decisive Rules and Conclusions 10.5.2 Determination of Climate Hard Conditions 10.6 Discussion 10.7 Conclusions References Part III Infrastructure for Energy Projects in the Russian Arctic 11 Overview of Practical Experience of Projects’ Implementation in the Arctic 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Construction Execution Plan: Technical Aspects 11.2.1 Weather Hazards 11.2.2 Human Factor 11.2.3 Money, the Irresistible Lure 11.2.4 Enabling Infrastructure, Supply Chain, and Communication Consideration 11.2.5 Integrity Management of Structures—The Permafrost Hazard 11.2.6 Winter Breakup Hazard 11.3 Russian Regulations, Approvals, and Standardization: Brief Overview 11.4 Environmental Preservation 11.4.1 The Critters of the Arctic 11.4.2 Oil Spill Prevention and Recovery 11.4.3 Removal and Restoration Plans 11.4.4 Waste Management 11.4.5 Operations Integrity Management System (OIMS) 11.5 Conclusions Appendix 1: Pipeline Route Recon and Ground Truthing Guideline Used on Russian and USA Mega Projects Guidelines for Field Personnel Collecting Data for Construction Feasibility Studies or Pipeline Construction Estimates and Ground Truthing Appendix 2: Outline for Notes on Field Observation for Pipeline Construction Estimates Route Surface Condition Classifications Ground Cover Classifications Soil Condition Classifications (Trench) Special Classification Conditions General Information Other Estimating Data to Be Documented on Field Trips References 12 The Northern Sea Route as a New Global Route for Energy Resource Transportation: Problems and Prospects 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Northern Sea Route as the Key Element of the Development of Energy Resources in the Russian Arctic 12.3 Soviet Policy in the Arctic: The Early Stages of Energy Resource Development in the Russian Arctic 12.4 Russia’s Arctic Policy: The Development of Energy Resources in the Russian Arctic 12.5 Conclusions References 13 The Advantages of the Northern Sea Route as an Energy Transport Artery and Its Environment 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Russia’s and China’s Energy Interests in the Arctic as a New Geopolitical Area 13.3 Northern Sea Route and Its Potential as a Transport Energy Artery in the Future 13.4 Application of Bimatrix Games in the Northern Sea Route Energy Conflict 13.5 Conclusions References 14 Global Climate Changes and Their Importance for the Building of Northern Sea Route and the Future of Energy Sector 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Literature Review 14.3 Global Climate Changes: Consequences on Region’s Energy Complex 14.4 Arctic Northern Sea Route in the Context of the Global Climate Changes and Future of Energy Resources 14.5 Conclusions References 15 Northern Sea Route and the New Energy Agenda 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials and Methods 15.3 Results 15.3.1 The History of the Development of the Northern Sea Route and Energy Industry 15.3.2 Modern Problems of the Development of the Northern Sea Route for Energy Industry 15.3.3 State Regulation of the Development of the Northern Sea Route and Energy Infrastructure: The System of Normative Legal Acts and Meaningful Analysis 15.4 Discussion 15.5 Conclusions References 16 Energy Development of the Russian Arctic Within the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative and Greater Eurasia: A View from China and India 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Review of Scientific and Practical Approaches 16.3 Results and Discussion 16.3.1 Weaknesses of the Arctic Transport and Transit System of Russia and Its Main Transport Artery—the NSR 16.3.2 Development of the TTS of the Russian Segment of the Arctic and Implementation of Energy Projects in the Far North of Russia: India’s Position and Participation 16.3.3 The Development of Land Communications in the Arctic Is the Most Effective Way to Increase Russia’s Transport and Transit Potential and Infrastructure Support for Implementing Energy Projects 16.4 Conclusions References 17 Rethinking Year-Round Navigation via the Northern Sea Route 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Methodology 17.3 Results 17.3.1 General Cargo Shipment Conditions 17.3.2 Navigation Support Infrastructure Services in NSR Waters 17.3.2.1 Providing Communication Services to Support Navigation Along the Northern Sea Route 17.3.2.2 Navigation Equipment to Support Shipping in the Northern Sea Route Waters 17.3.2.3 Search and Rescue Systems 17.4 Conclusions References 18 Revisiting the Prospects of a Multihull Icebreaker for Year-Round Navigation via the Northern Sea Route 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Methodology 18.3 Results 18.4 Conclusions / Recommendations References 19 Managing the Ice Situation When Ensuring the Safety of Oil Platforms in the Arctic Zone of Russia 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Methodology 19.3 Results 19.4 Conclusions/Recommendations References 20 Specifics of LNG Shipments via the Northern Sea Route 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Hydrography, Icebreakers, and Permits to Sail via the NSR 20.3 LNG Carriers for the NSR 20.4 Boiled-Off Gas: Accounting and Disposal Specifics 20.5 Specifics of LNG Sales Contracts: Why DES and DEQ? 20.6 Conclusions References Part IV Greener Perspective for Energy of the Russian Arctic 21 Renewable Energy in the Russian Arctic: Energy Transition and Opportunities in the Context of Post-pandemic Realities 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Pandemic Lessons and Changing Trends 21.3 Ringing the Arctic “Warming” Bell 21.4 Adapting to New Realities 21.5 RES in Russia—A Path to Sustainability and New Opportunities 21.6 Conclusions References 22 Climatic Risks of Hydrocarbon Production in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Methodology 22.3 Results 22.4 Conclusions References 23 Territorialisation, Urbanisation, and Economic Development in the Russian Arctic: Energy Issues 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The Exploitation of Natural Resources: The Main Driver of the Arctic Territorial Development 23.3 Urbanisation, Hydrocarbon Exploitation Areas, and the Emergence of Territorial Structures 23.4 Energy Security and Economic Development 23.5 The Paradigm of Autonomous Cities 23.6 The Example of the Wind Farm Experiment in Tiksi 23.7 Conclusions References 24 Nuclear and Hydrogen Prospects for the Russian Arctic 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Literature Review 24.2.1 Nuclear Energy and Hydrogen in the New Climate Agenda 24.3 Nuclear Energy in the Arctic: Russia’s Large-Scale Plans 24.3.1 Hydrogen: An Emerging Industry with Long-Term Perspective 24.4 Conclusions References Part V Regional Framework for the Exploration of Russian Arctic 25 Norwegian Oil Industry Model: Potential for Norwegian-Russian Cooperation in the Arctic 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Literature Review 25.3 Results 25.3.1 History of the Petroleum Industry in Norway 25.3.2 The Role of the Norwegian State in the Management of the Oil Industry 25.3.2.1 State Oil Companies 25.3.2.2 State Pension Fund 25.3.3 History of Relations Between Russia and Norway 25.3.4 Cooperation Between Russia and Norway in the High North: Assumptions Versus Reality 25.3.5 Research Cooperation Between Russia and Norway 25.3.6 Climate Change and the Transition to a Green Economy 25.4 Conclusions References Index