Polish: An Essential Grammar

Description

Polish: An Essential Grammar is a user-friendly guide to all the important structures of this fascinating language. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Polish in short, readable sections. Cover Polish: An Essential Grammar Copyright Contents Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgements Part I: The Polish Language Chapter 1: Alphabet Chapter 2: Pronunciation and stress 2.1 Pronunciation 2.2 Single vowels 2.3 Nasal vowels 2.4 Double vowels 2.5 Consonants 2.6 Identical double consonants 2.7 Consonant types 2.8 Devoicing of voiced consonants 2.9 Voicing of unvoiced consonants 2.10 Effect of vowel i on preceding consonant 2.11 Normal stress 2.12 Abnormal stress 2.13 Stress in prepositional phrases 2.14 Stress in nie and its verb Chapter 3 Vowel and consonant alternations 3.1 Vowel alternations 3.2 Consonant alternations Chapter 4 Studying an inflected language 4.1 What is an inflected language? 4.2 How do words change in Polish? 4.3 What are the most common student errors? 4.4 How to study a Polish text 4.5 Sample text Part II: Parts of Speech Chapter 5: Verbs 5.1 Infinitive 5.2 Imperative mood 5.3 Indicative mood 5.4 Verb aspects 5.5 Present tense 5.6 Past tense 5.7 Future tense 5.8 Conditional tense 5.9 Reflexive verbs 5.10 Modal auxiliary verbs 5.11 Impersonal verbs 5.12 Subjectless sentences 5.13 Translating ‘there is/are’ 5.14 Adverbial participles 5.15 Verbal prefixes 5.16 Reported speech Chapter 6: Nouns 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nominative case 6.3 Vocative case 6.4 Accusative case 6.5 Genitive case 6.6 Locative case 6.7 Instrumental case 6.8 Dative case Chapter 7: Pronouns 7.1 Personal pronouns 7.2 Reflexive pronouns 7.3 Reciprocal pronouns 7.4 Possessive pronouns 7.5 Demonstrative pronouns 7.6 Interrogative pronouns 7.7 Distributive pronouns 7.8 Relative pronouns 7.9 Indefinite pronouns Chapter 8: Adjectives 8.1 Attributive (descriptive) adjectives 8.2 Possessive adjectives 8.3 Demonstrative adjectives 8.4 Distributive adjectives 8.5 Interrogative adjectives 8.6 Relative adjectives 8.7 Indefinite adjectives 8.8 Numerical adjectives 8.9 Special usage 8.10 Full adjective declension 8.11 Adjectival participles 8.12 Comparative: -szy form 8.13 Comparative: other forms 8.14 Superlative: naj- form 8.15 Superlative: other forms 8.16 Adjective formation Chapter 9: Adverbs 9.1 Formation of regular adverbs 9.2 Irregular adverbs 9.3 Expressing emotion and body temperature 9.4 Comparative: -ej/-iej form 9.5 Comparative: irregular 9.6 Comparative: other forms 9.7 Superlative: naj- form 9.8 Superlative: other forms 9.9 Adverb formation with nie (un-/im-/in-) 9.10 Adverbs of time 9.11 Adverbial phrases of time 9.12 Adverbs of place 9.13 Adverbs of manner 9.14 Adverbs of degree 9.15 Adverbs of frequency 9.16 Adverbial phrases of frequency 9.17 Adverbs of modification 9.18 Adverbial phrases of modification 9.19 ‘Throw-away’ adverbs 9.20 Question tags Chapter 10: Prepositions 10.1 Addition of extra e 10.2 Compound prepositions 10.3 Accusative case prepositions 10.4 Genitive case prepositions 10.5 Locative case prepositions 10.6 Instrumental case prepositions 10.7 Dative case prepositions 10.8 Dual-case locative/accusative prepositions 10.9 Dual-case instrumental/accusative prepositions Chapter 11: Conjunctions 11.1 Coordinating conjunctions 11.2 Subordinating conjunctions Chapter 12: Numerals 12.1 List of cardinal and ordinal numbers 12.2 Declension of cardinal numbers 12.3 Declension of ordinal numbers 12.4 ‘Another/second/one more’ 12.5 ‘Former/latter’ 12.6 Collective numbers 12.7 ‘Pair’ 12.8 Indefinite numbers 12.9 Fractions, decimals, percentages 12.10 Weights and measures 12.11 Age 12.12 Dates 12.13 Temperature 12.14 Money 12.15 Clock time 12.16 Nouns derived from numbers Chapter 13: Interjections, idiomatic phrases, greetings 13.1 Interjections 13.2 Idiomatic phrases 13.3 Common greetings Chapter 14: Particles 14.1 Czy 14.2 Li 14.3 No 14.4 Że or ż 14.5 Niech and niechaj 14.6 Oby 14.7 By 14.8 Nie 14.9 Ś 14.10 To 14.11 Ci 14.12 A Part III: Sentence Elements and Structure Chapter 15: Sentence elements 15.1 Types of clause 15.2 Elements of a sentence 15.3 Grammatical cases Chapter 16: Sentence structure 16.1 Word order 16.2 Punctuation Appendix 1: Typical noun declension Appendix 2: Typical pronoun declension Appendix 3: Typical adjective declension Appendix 4: Question words Appendix 5: First conjugation verbs (-am, -a, -ają) – all tenses Appendix 6: Third conjugation verbs – present tense Appendix 7: Fourth conjugation verbs – present tense Appendix 8: Perfective and imperfective verb aspects Appendix 9: Verb być and mieć – all tenses Index