Diabetes and COVID-19: Considerations and Clinical Management

Description

Managing COVID-19 alone can be a difficult in many cases, but for persons with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes the challenge can be all the greater, and specific considerations need to be taken when prescribing treatment to manage them. This book is a culmination of scientific work driven by personal conviction to enhance the care provided to the vulnerable populations COVID-19 patients with diabetes. It spans topics from the epidemiology and predictors of complications and increased mortality in COVID-19, to in-depth discussion of the pathophysiology of the disease. Pathophysiology of COVID-19 is addressed comprehensively as common soil pathogenetic pathways, and by organ system such as the lung, the kidney and most pertinently for diabetes, the diabetic foot ulcers and diabetes co-morbidities. A multi-disciplinary approach was needed to manage these complex patients; thus, the authors represent a variety of disciplines including pharmacology, endocrinology, nephrology, infectious diseases, podiatry, vascular surgery, pulmonary/critical care, and general medicine. Written by experts in the field, Diabetes and COVID-19: Considerations and Clinical Management is a blueprint for treatment of patients with both conditions.  Foreword Preface Acknowledgment Contents List of Contributors Part I: Pathophysiology Chapter 1: COVID-19: Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Options, and Prevention Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Management Outpatient Management Therapeutics Inpatient Management Prevention Conclusions References Chapter 2: Pathophysiology: How COVID-19 Impacts the Pancreas and Peripheral Insulin Resistance Background COVID-19 Infection and the Pancreas Autopsy Evidence for Pancreatic Involvement Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 Expression in the Pancreas Neuropilin 1 and Transferrin Receptor SARS-CoV-2 and β-Cell Transdifferentiation Pancreatitis Summary COVID-19 and Peripheral Insulin Resistance Adipokines and Insulin Resistance Prolonged Insulin Resistance Summary Conclusion References Chapter 3: Risk of COVID-19 in Persons with Diabetes Introduction Prevalence and the Risk of Diabetes in Respiratory Viral Infections Prevalence and Risk of Diabetes and COVID-19 How the Immunity of Persons with Diabetes Is Impacted by Inflammation of COVID-19 Risk of New-Onset Diabetes with COVID-19 Risk of COVID-19 in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Risk of COVID-19 in Children with Diabetes Risk of COVID-19 in Patients with Prediabetes Risk of COVID-19 in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Risk of COVID-19 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes The Risk of Mortality, Severity of Disease, and Glycemic Control and COVID-19 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Pathophysiology of Lung Dysfunction in Diabetes Introduction The Association Between Diabetes and Lung Disease Lung Pathophysiology of COVID-19 in Diabetes COVID-19, Diabetes, and Asthma COVID-19, Diabetes, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COVID-19, Diabetes, and Pulmonary Fibrosis COVID-19, Diabetes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome COVID-19, Diabetes, and Thromboembolic Disorder COVID-19’s Impact on those with Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis and Diabetes Conclusion References Part II: COVID and Diabetes Complications Chapter 5: Diabetic Kidney Disease and COVID-19 Introduction Pathophysiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease and Effects of COVID-19 Diabetic Kidney Disease Diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease Effect of COVID-19 on the Kidney Acute Kidney Injury and COVID-19 Interplay of COVID-19 and Diabetic Kidney Disease Impact of Diabetic Kidney Disease Therapies on COVID-19 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein 2 Inhibitors Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 COVID-19 and Proteinuria COVID-19 Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease COVID-19 and Kidney Transplantation Clinical Presentation Demographic Characteristics, Baseline Comorbidities, and Immunosuppressant Medications in Transplant Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Infection Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes Vaccination Management Adjustment of Immunosuppression Conclusion References Chapter 6: The Impact of COVID-19 on Diabetic Foot Ulcers Diabetic Foot Ulcers Background and Epidemiology Pathophysiology Neuropathy Inflammation Thrombosis Management Screening Assessment of Contributing Factors and Comorbid Conditions Wound Care Treatment of Concomitant Peripheral Arterial Disease Treatment of Infection COVID-19 and Diabetic Foot Ulcer Care Logistical Impact Pathophysiological Synergy Triaging Wound Care Conclusion References Chapter 7: Comorbid Obesity and Its Impact on Diabetes and COVID-19 Introduction Inflammatory Response Interleukin-6 Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Angiotensin Pathway Immune Dysfunction Hyperglycemia Interferon-γ Leptin Coagulopathy Clinical Considerations Respiratory Long-Term Sequelae Conclusion References Part III: Clinical Management Chapter 8: Overview of Inpatient Management of Diabetes and COVID-19 Introduction An Overview of Inpatient Admissions for Diabetes Diabetes and COVID-19 Requiring Inpatient Admission Diabetes and Increased Mortality in the Setting of COVID-19 Mortality in Type 1 Versus Type 2 Diabetes New-Onset Diabetes in Persons with COVID-19 Glycemic Control During Admission Management of Diabetes and COVID-19 COVID-19 and Oral Agents for Inpatient Diabetes Management Conclusions References Chapter 9: Management of Critically Ill Persons with COVID-19 and Diabetes Introduction Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus in the ICU Potential Mechanisms of Hyperglycemia by SARS-CoV-2 Stress Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients Glycemic Targets in the ICU Hyperglycemia Management in the Critically Ill Hyperglycemic Emergencies in COVID-19 Disease Management of Hyperglycemic Emergencies in Critically Ill Patients Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis/Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State in the Setting of COVID-19 Disease Subcutaneous Insulin Protocols Insulin Dosing Fluid and Electrolyte Management Glucose Monitoring Conclusion References Chapter 10: Managing Outpatient Diabetes in Persons with COVID-19 and Diabetes Introduction Preventing COVID-19 Among Those Not Infected Vaccinations Ambulatory Management of Patients with COVID-19 Symptomatic Management Medical Treatment Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir Remdesivir Alternative Options Non-approved Therapies Managing Diabetes During COVID-19 Infection Metformin SGLT-2 Inhibitors GLP-1 Receptor Agonists DPP-4 Inhibitors Sulfonylureas Thiazolidinediones Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors The Impact of Social Determinants of Health Among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes in the Era of COVID-19 Financial and Food Insecurity Medication and Glucose Testing Supply Access Access to Care Unanswered Questions Conclusions References Chapter 11: The Use of Diabetes Technology in Persons with Diabetes and Coronavirus 2019 Introduction Diabetes Technology and COVID-19 in the Outpatient Setting Telehealth/Virtual Clinics Continuous Glucose Monitoring Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Diabetes Technology and COVID-19 in the Inpatient Setting Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Hospital Setting Use of CGM in the Inpatient Setting During COVID-19 Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring Health Disparities and Access to Diabetes Technology During the COVID-19 Pandemic Conclusion References Part IV: Health Outcomes Chapter 12: COVID-19 Vaccination in Persons with Diabetes: How to Approach Patients Introduction General Approach to Vaccination Duration of Vaccine Response The Impact of COVID-19 on Hospitalizations and Mortality Hospitalizations and Mortality in Pregnant Persons with Diabetes Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy and Strategies for Increasing Vaccine Confidence Vaccine Attitudes and Behaviors in People with Diabetes Strategies to Address Vaccine Skepticism and Build Vaccine Confidence Conclusion References Chapter 13: COVID-19 Vaccination in Persons with Diabetes: How they Work Introduction Diabetes and the Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination and Immunity Against COVID-19 COVID-19 Vaccination and Diabetes Immune Response Complications of COVID-19 Vaccines Administration of the COVID-19 Vaccine Along with the Routine Vaccines for Patients with Diabetes Vaccine Prioritization COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose Summary References Chapter 14: Long-Haul COVID Symptoms in Persons with Diabetes Introduction Long COVID Symptoms Associated with Long COVID Diabetes and Long COVID Vaccines and Long COVID Conclusion References Index