Ultrasonics: Physics and Applications

Description

This book provides a review of state-of-the-art technological developments in applied ultrasonics with a focus on recent advances in ultrasonic research, covering metrological applications, non-destructive evaluation, sensing, devices, and physics, as well as medical diagnosis and treatment. The first part of this book focuses on the physics of acoustic waves, and their propagation and addresses viscoelasticity, as well as metrological applications including laser ultrasonics. Part two reviews some recent developments of importance to industrial applications, while the final part introduces developments in biomedical applications. PRELIMS.pdf Preface Preface from the Institute for Ultrasonic Electronics Editor biographies Mami Matsukawa, Editor-in-chief Pak-Kon Choi Kentaro Nakamura Hirotsugu Ogi Hideyuki Hasegawa Contributor biographies Shingo Akao Takamitsu Iwaya Osamu Matsuda Keiji Sakai Shin-ichi Sakamoto Shin-ichiro Umemura Yoshiaki Watanabe Oliver B Wright Kazushi Yamanaka Shin Yoshizawa CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Ultrasound propagation 1.1 Ultrasound propagation in gases and liquids 1.1.1 Frequency of ultrasound 1.1.2 Adiabaticity of sound propagation 1.1.3 Wave equation 1.1.4 Sound velocity 1.1.5 Plane waves 1.2 Ultrasound propagation in solids 1.2.1 Elastic properties of solids 1.2.2 Wave equation in solids 1.3 Absorption and velocity dispersion in fluids 1.3.1 Ultrasound absorption 1.3.2 The relaxation phenomenon 1.3.3 Molecular vibrational relaxation 1.3.4 Examples of the relaxation phenomenon in fluids 1.4 Sound radiation 1.4.1 Sound field produced by a circular piston source 1.4.2 Simulation of a sound field 1.5 Measurement of ultrasound fields by optical methods 1.5.1 Schlieren method 1.5.2 Photoelasticity imaging method 1.5.3 Shadowgraphy method 1.5.4 Luminescence due to acoustic cavitation References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 Wave propagation in/on liquids and spectroscopy of viscoelasticity and surface tension 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Viscoelastic properties of, and wave propagation in liquids 2.1.2 Dynamics of liquid surface properties 2.2 Recent progress in the light-scattering approach to viscoelasticity 2.2.1 Accurate Brillouin scattering experiment based on an optical heterodyne technique 2.2.2 Thermal phonon resonance 2.2.3 Determination of shear, orientational, and coupling viscosities in liquids 2.3 Recent progress in the experimental approach to the dynamic surface phenomena of liquids 2.3.1 Ripplon spectroscopy 2.3.2 Manipulation and observation of micro liquid particles 2.4 Introduction to recent progress in rheometry 2.4.1 The electromagnetic spinning (EMS) rheometer system 2.4.2 Measurement of viscoelasticity using the EMS system equipped with quadruple electromagnets 2.4.3 Examination of the quantum standard for viscosity References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 Optical measurements of ultrasonic fields in air/water and ultrasonic vibration in solids 3.1 Measurement of ultrasonic fields in air/water 3.1.1 Problems arising in ultrasonic field measurement 3.1.2 Probe sensors using optical fibers 3.1.3 Imaging of ultrasonic fields using optical methods 3.1.4 Super directivity in the detection of ultrasonic waves 3.2 Vibration measurement at ultrasonic frequencies 3.2.1 Out-of-plane vibration 3.2.2 In-plane vibration 3.2.3 Fringe-counting method for high-amplitude vibration 3.2.4 Sagnac interferometer for very-high-frequency vibration 3.3 Conclusions and outlook References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 Picosecond laser ultrasonics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basics of picosecond laser ultrasonics 4.2.1 Overview 4.2.2 Basic experimental setup 4.2.3 Interferometric setup 4.2.4 One-dimensional model 4.3 Extensions of picosecond laser ultrasonics 4.3.1 Time-resolved Brillouin-scattering measurements assisted by metallic gratings 4.3.2 Generation and detection of shear acoustic waves assisted by metallic gratings 4.4 Summary References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Ball surface acoustic wave sensor and its application to trace gas analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 SAWs on a sphere 5.3 Principles of the ball SAW sensor 5.4 Hydrogen gas sensors 5.5 Trace moisture analyzer 5.5.1 Ball SAW TMA using phase signal for temperature compensation 5.5.2 Ball SAW TMA using amplitude signal for various background gases 5.6 Micro gas chromatography 5.6.1 Concept and problems of gas chromatography 5.6.2 Sensitive film used in the ball SAW gas chromatograph 5.6.3 Palm-sized ball SAW gas chromatograph as an example of micro GC 5.6.4 Analysis of the aroma components of sake — a crystal sommelier 5.7 Conclusions References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 Phase adjuster in a thermoacoustic system 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Thermoacoustic phenomenon leading to steady oscillation 6.2.1 Loop-tube-type thermoacoustic cooling system 6.2.2 Mechanism of thermoacoustic cooling 6.2.3 Variation of resonant wavelength and cooling capacity 6.2.4 Resonant frequency before stable self-excited oscillation: changes in cooling capacity and resonant wavelength observed in the boundary layer 6.2.5 Resonant frequency under conditions of stable self-excited oscillation: influence of total length of, and pressure in the tube 6.3 Progression to phase adjuster 6.4 Beyond the PA 6.5 Conclusions References CH007.pdf Chapter 7 Ultrasonic characterization of bone 7.1 Why should we study bone using ultrasound? 7.2 Ultrasonic wave properties in bone tissues 7.2.1 Conventional ultrasonic characterization in the megahertz range 7.2.2 Microscopic bone evaluation by Brillouin scattering 7.2.3 Piezoelectricity in bone in the megahertz range 7.3 Ultrasonic characterization of cancellous bone 7.3.1 Two-wave phenomenon and clinical application 7.4 Conclusions References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 Acceleration and control of protein aggregation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mechanism of acceleration of protein aggregation 8.3 Nonlinear components as indicators for the aggregation reaction 8.4 Supersaturation: a new concept for protein aggregation phenomenon 8.5 Multichannel ultrasonication system for amyloid assay: HANABI 8.6 Summary and future prospects References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 High-frame-rate medical ultrasonic imaging 9.1 Introduction 9.2 High-frame-rate ultrasonic imaging 9.3 Motion estimators 9.3.1 Autocorrelation method 9.3.2 Vector Doppler method 9.3.3 Block-matching method 9.3.4 Spectrum-based motion estimator 9.4 Applications of high-frame-rate ultrasonic imaging 9.4.1 Strain or strain-rate imaging 9.4.2 Measurement of propagation of mechanical waves in tissue 9.4.3 Blood-flow imaging References CH010.pdf Chapter 10 High-intensity focused ultrasound 10.1 Introduction 10.2 HIFU devices 10.3 Measurement and visualization of HIFU fields 10.4 Cavitation 10.5 Ultrasound image guidance 10.6 Concluding remarks References