Forging the Golden Urn: The Qing Empire and the Politics of Reincarnation in Tibet

Description

In 1995, the People’s Republic of China resurrected a Qing-era law mandating that the reincarnations of prominent Tibetan Buddhist monks be identified by drawing lots from a golden urn. The Chinese Communist Party hoped to limit the ability of the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile to independently identify reincarnations. In so doing, they elevated a long-forgotten ceremony into a controversial symbol of Chinese sovereignty in Tibet. In Forging the Golden Urn, Max Oidtmann ventures into the polyglot world of the Qing empire in search of the origins of the golden urn tradition. He seeks to understand the relationship between the Qing state and its most powerful partner in Inner Asia—the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism. Why did the Qianlong emperor invent the golden urn lottery in 1792? What ability did the Qing state have to alter Tibetan religious and political traditions? What did this law mean to Qing rulers, their advisors, and Tibetan Buddhists? Working with both the Manchu-language archives of the empire’s colonial bureaucracy and the chronicles of Tibetan elites, Oidtmann traces how a Chinese bureaucratic technology—a lottery for assigning administrative posts—was exported to the Tibetan and Mongolian regions of the Qing empire and transformed into a ritual for identifying and authenticating reincarnations. Forging the Golden Urn sheds new light on how the empire’s frontier officers grappled with matters of sovereignty, faith, and law and reveals the role that Tibetan elites played in the production of new religious traditions in the context of Qing rule. Table of Contents ......Page 8 Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 10 Abbreviations......Page 18 Introduction......Page 22 Act I: The Royal Regulations......Page 74 Act II: Shamanic Colonialism ......Page 116 Act III: Amdowas Speaking in Code ......Page 178 Conclusion: Paradoxes of the Urn and the Limits of Empire ......Page 215 Chronology of Key Events ......Page 248 List of Usages of the Golden Urn Ritual ......Page 252 Tibetan Orthographic Equivalents......Page 256 Translation of the Qianlong Emperor’s Discourse on Lamas......Page 260 Notes......Page 266 Bibliography ......Page 316 Index ......Page 334