Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications

Description

Photocatalytic nanomaterials have a great potential in such applications as reduction of carbon dioxide and degradation of various pollutants. They are equally important in the production and storage of energy, e.g. in the conversion of solar energy to electricity, and the production of hydrogen in photoelectrochemical cells. Research on synthesis, characterization and specific applications is reported for titanium oxide and a number of other promising catalysts, such as silver phosphate, cerium oxide, zinc oxide and zinc sulfide. Cover Half Title Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications Copyright Table of Contents Preface 1. TiO2 Nanomaterials a Future Prospect 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles 2.1 Sol-gel method 2.2 Hydrothermal method 2.3 Solvothermal method 2.4 Chemical vapour deposition method 2.5 Electrodeposition method 3. Structural features and stability of TiO2 nanomaterials 4. Electronic structure and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles 5. Modifications on TiO2 5.1 Doping 5.1.1 Metal ion doping 5.1.2 Non-metal ion doping 5.1.3 Effect of doping on electronic structure of TiO2 5.2 Sensitized TiO2 5.3 Reduction 6. Applications of TiO2 nanomaterials 6.1 Self-cleaning coatings 6.2 Li ion battery 6.3 Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) 6.4 Electrochromic devices 6.5 Water splitting 7. Conclusions Acknowledgement References 2. TiO2-High Surface Area Materials Based Composite Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Degradation of Pollutants: A Review 1. Introduction 2. Principles of semiconductor photocatalysis 3. Methodologies for photocatalysts preparation 3.1 Sol-Gel Method 3.2 Hydrothermal and solvothermal method 3.3 Sonochemical method 3.4 Microwave method 4. TiO2 -high surface area materials composite photocatalysts 4.1 TiO2-activated carbon based photocatalyst 4.2 TiO2- carbon nanotube based photocatalyst 4.3 TiO2-graphene based photocatalyst 4.4 TiO2-Zeolites based photocatalyst 4.5 TiO2-SiO2 based photocatalysts 5. Conclusion Abbreviations References 3. Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Visible Light Responsive Photocatalytic Materials 1. Introduction 1.1 Textile manufacturing dyes release 1.2 Visible light photoactive materials 1.3 Binary photocatalysts 1.4 Ternary photocatalysts 1.5 Quaternary photocatalysts 2. Preparation and characterization of various photocatalysts: 2.1 Binary photocatalysts 2.1.1 Preparation of TiO2:SiO2 thin films 2.1.2 Preparation of TiO2/Al2O3 binary oxides 2.1.3 Characterization of TiO2/Al2O3 binary oxides 2.1.4 Preparation of binary CdS-MoS2 composites 2.1.5 Characterization of binary CdS-MoS2 composites 2.2 Ternary photocatalysts 2.2.1 Preparation of KTaO3-CdS-MoS2 composites 2.2.2 Characterization of KTaO3-CdS-MoS2 composites 2.2.3 Graphene–TiO2–Fe3O4 (GTF) 2.2.4 Preparation of graphene–TiO2–Fe3O4 (GTF) 2.2.5 Characterization of graphene–TiO2–Fe3O4 (GTF) 2.2.6 Preparation of Bi2WO6 nanoplates 2.2.7 Characterization of Bi2WO6 nanoplates 2.3 Quaternary photocatalysts 2.3.1 Synthesis of FeNbO4 and Pb2FeNbO6 photocatalysts 2.3.2 Characterization of FeNbO4, and Pb2FeNbO6 photocatalysts 2.3.3 About HfTiErO 2.3.4 Preparation of HfTiErO 2.3.5 Characterization of HfTiErO 2.3.6 Synthesis of PbBiO2Br nanosheets samples 2.3.7 Characterization of PbBiO2Br nanosheets samples 3. Applications of visible light photoactive catalyst 3.1 Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide 3.2 Photocatalytic water splitting 3.3 Photocatalytic pervious concrete with TiO2 and paints 3.4 Photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation 4. Conclusion References 4. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Supported on Different Carbon Allotropes for Degradation of Pharmaceutical Organic Compound 1. Introduction 2. Experimental 2.1 Chemicals and materials 2.2 Catalysts preparation 2.2.1 TiO2 coated activated charcoal composites 2.2.2 TiO2-graphite composites 2.2.3 TiO2-graphene composites 2.3 Catalyst characterization: 2.4 Adsorption study (in dark) 2.5 Photocatalytic irradiation system 2.6 Chemical analysis 3. Result and discussions 3.1 X-ray diffraction 3.2 UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy 3.3 Surface area analysis 3.4 Scanning electron microscopy 3.5 Isoniazide adsorption study 3.6 Photocatalytic activity 4. Conclusion Acknowledgements References 5. Effect of TiO2 Nanotube Calcinations Temperature and Oxygen Pressure to Photocatalytic Oxidation of Phenol 1. Introduction 2. Experimental 2.1 Preparation TiO2 nanotubes 2.2 Characterization TiO2 nanotubes 2.3 Photocatalytic activity 3. Results and discussion 3.1 TiO2 nanotubes characterization 3.2 Effect of calcinations temperature to photocatalytic activity 3.3 Effect of oxygen pressure to photocatalytic activity 4. Conclusions References 6. Understanding Reaction Mechanism in Photon-Assisted Reduction of Carbon Dioxide 1. Introduction 2. Semiconductor in equilibrium 2.1 Charge carriers in semiconductors 3. Importance of the Fermi level 4. Electrical double layer at semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces 4.1 Band edge pinning and Fermi level pinning 4.2 Space charge layers 4.2.1 Accumulation layer 4.2.2 Depletion layer 4.2.3 Inversion layer 4.2.4 Deep depletion layer 4.3 Compact layer 5. Semiconductor in non equilibrium 5.1 Charge carrier recombination mechanisms 5.1.1 Direct recombination 5.1.2 Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination 5.1.3 Auger recombination 5.1.4 Surface recombination 5.2 Concept of quasi-Fermi level 5.3 Photo-potential 6. Understanding of band-edge positions and its calculations 7. Mechanism of semiconductor mediated photon-assisted carbon dioxide reduction 8. Design of materials and futuristic perceptions References 7. Photo-electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Solar Fuel: A Review 1. Introduction: 2. Approaches to mitigate global climate change through CO2 utilization 2.1 Homogeneous photo reduction by a molecular catalysis with Case Study 2.2 Heterogeneous photoelectrochemical reduction by a semiconducting photo cathode with case study 2.3 Electrochemical reduction by an electrolyzer powered by photovoltaic device with case study 2.4 Enzymatic photoinduced electrochemical reaction with case study 3. Challenges to solar fuel productions 4. Future perspectives Acknowledgement References 8. ‘Surface-modification’ and ‘Composite-engineering’ of Metal Chalcogenide Electrodes for Solar Hydrogen Production 1. Introduction 1.1 Solar hydrogen energy by photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells 1.2 Different Configuration of PEC cell (A)Type I (B)Type II (C)Type III (D)Type IV (E) Type V (F) Type VI 1.3 Significance of Electrode Material in PEC cell 1.4 Cadmium sulphide as an electrode material in PEC cell 1.5 Modified CdS electrodes in PEC cells 1.5.1 Doped CdS system 1.5.2 Metal oxide modified system 1.5.3 Co-catalyst modified system 2. Deposition of CdS thin films 3. Synthesis of metal oxide and hydroxides 4. Summary Acknowledgement References 9. Enhanced Hydrogen Storage Properties of Hydrothermally Synthesized TiO2 Nanotube-multiwall Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite 1. Introduction 2. Experimental 2.1 Chemicals and materials 2.2 Pretreatment of MWCNT 2.3 Synthesis of MWCNT@TiO2 nanotube composites 3. Characterization 4. Results and discussion 4.1 Powder X-ray diffraction analysis 4.2 CHNS analysis 4.3 Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms 4.4 TEM analysis 4.5 Hydrogen adsorption analysis 4.6 Density functional theory (DFT) method 5. Conclusions Acknowledgements References 10. Silver Phosphate Based Photocatalysis: A Brief Review from Fundamentals to Applications 1. Introduction 1.1 Pristine Ag3PO4 as photocatalyst 2. Electronic understanding of Ag3PO4 3. Ag3PO4 based composite for environmental applications 4. Ag3PO4 photoactivity based on morphology 5. Summary and outlook Acknowledgements References 11. Shape-control Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications of CeO2 to Remediate Organic Pollutant Containing Wastewater: A Review 1. Introduction 2. CeO2: material properties 3. Shape controlled synthesis methods for CeO2 3.1 Precipitation method 3.2 Sol-gel method 3.3 Ultrasonic irradiation method 3.4 Microwave assisted synthesis method 3.5 Hydrothermal method 3.6 Solvothermal method 3.7 Spray pyrolysis 3.8 Emulsion and microemulsion technique 3.9 Electrochemical deposition method 3.10 Flame spray pyrolysis method 3.11 Soft-template and hard-template directed synthesis 4. Photocatalytic applications 4.1 Photocatalysis with CeO2 nano materials 4.2 Photocatalysis with doped CeO2 4.3 Photocatalysis of dopent-CeO2 materials on different supported materials 5. Challenges and prospects of CeO2 nanomaterials Acknowledgement: References 12. Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Study of Sm3+ Doped Mesoporous CeO2 Nanoparticles 1. Introduction 2. Experimental section 2.1 Materials used 2.2 Methods 2.3 Photocatalytic study 2.4 Characterization 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Powder X-ray diffraction analysis 3.2 FT-IR spectroscopic analysis 3.3 Thermogravimetric-Differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) 3.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 3.5 Transmission electron Mmicroscopy (TEM) 3.6 BET-surface area analysis 3.7 UV-visible spectroscopy 3.8 Photocatalytic study 4. Conclusions Acknowledgement References 13. Enhancing Semiconductor-photocatalytic Organic Transformation Through Interparticle Charge Transfer 1. Introduction 2. Experimental 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Characterization 3.2 ZnS-photocatalysis 3.3 Kinetic law 3.4 Enhanced photocatalysis: IPCT 4. Conclusion Acknowledgement References 14. Recent Developments in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) Preparation, Optimization and Its Application in Solar Cell Development and Photocatalytic Applications 1. Introduction 2. Properties of CZTS 3. CZTS preparation 3.1 Nanoparticles synthesis 3.1.1 Mechanical methods 3.1.2 Wet chemical methods 3.1.2.1 Sol-gel method 3.1.2.2 Solvothermal method 3.2 Thin film preparation 3.2.1 Single-Step method for thin film preparation 3.2.1.1 Spray Pyrolysis for thin film preparation 3.2.1.2 Spin coating for thin film preparation 3.2.2 Two-step method for thin film preparation 4. Thin film quality control parameters 4.1 Precursor composition 4.1.1 Copper content 4.1.2 Sulfur content 4.2 Type of precursor 4.3 Type of solvent 4.4 Substrate temperature 4.5 Annealing temperature 4.6 Sulfur source and sulfur annealing 4.7 Spin speed and spray rate 5. Recent advanced CZTS preparation and its applications 5.1 Photocatalytic applications 5.2 Solar cell applications 5.2.1 Green synthesis 5.2.2 Doping 5.3 Recent developments in CZTS films 6. Summary and future scope References 15. Modeling and Optimization of Photocatalytic Degradation Process of 4-Chlorophenol using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 1. Introduction 2. Experimental methodology 2.1 Chemicals and materials 2.2 Synthesis of catalyst 2.3 Characterisation of catalyst 2.4 Experimental set up 2.5 Experimental procedure 3. Modeling of photocatalytic degradation of 4-CP 3.1 Response surface model development 3.2 Artificial neural network model development 4. Optimization of photocatalytic degradation of 4-CP 5. Results and discussion 5.1 X-ray powder diffraction and N2 sorption study 5.2 SEM and TEM analysis 5.3 Photocatalytic activity of synthesized TNTs 5.4 Response surface model development and optimization 5.4.1 Fitting quadratic model and its ANOVA study 5.4.2 Influence of key operational parameters 5.4.3 Optimization using response surface model 5.5 Artificial neural network model development and optimization 5.5.1 Optimization of ANN architecture 5.5.2 Relative importance of input variables 5.5.3 Optimization using ANN model 6. Conclusion References 16. Role of Ultrasound in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Remediation of Environmental Pollutants 1. Introduction 2. Part I: Synthesis of nano particles involving ultrasound 2.1 Sonochemical and combinatorial techniques used in the nano-patricle synthesis 2.1.1 Sonochemical methods 2.1.1 Sonochemical reduction 2.1.1.1 Sonochemical deposition: 2.1.1.2 Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis: 2.1.2 Combination methods 2.1.2.1 Sol-gel and sonochemical method 2.1.2.2 Sonoelectrochemical method 2.1.2.3 Sonochemical and solvothermal method 2.1.2.4 Sonochemical and microwave assisted method 2.2 Synthesis of Nano-particles of metals and their compounds 2.2.1 s-block elements 2.2.2 p- blockelements 2.2.4 d-block elements 2.2.4 f-block elements 2.3 Bimetallic nanoparticles 3. Part-II: Applications of ultrasound for the remediation & quantisation of environmental pollutants 3.1 Degassing 3.3 Photocatalytic activity 3.4. Quantinization processes 3.4.1 Ultrasound–leaching 3.4.2 Solvent – extraction method 3.4.3 Emulsification and micro-extraction 3.4.4 Ultrasound bleaching 3.4.5 Sonochemical degradation processes 3.4.6 Ultrasonically improved galvanochemical technology 4. Conclusion References Keyword Index About the Editors