Bioenergy Engineering

Description

The book provides information on recent advancements in bioenergy engineering to graduates, post-graduates, research scholars, faculty members, academician, researchers and practitioners studying and working in field of the bioenergy engineering. It is an invaluable information resource on biomass-based biofuels for fundamental and applied research, catering to researchers in the areas of biogas technology, densification techniques, biomass gasification, torrefaction of biomass, biochar production, micro algae production, improved biomass cookstoves, bio-ethanol production and the use of microbial processes in the conversion of biomass into biofuels. It will also be useful to faculties and researchers to understand the present status, advancements and policies in implementation of bioenergy technologies in India. This book will definitely provide a direction to the young researchers in identification of thrust areas of research in the field of bioenergy. The book concludes with research and development endeavours and aspects relating to implementation of advance bioenergy technologies. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface List of Contributors 1. Recent Trends and Future Prospects of Bioenergy Production in India 1. Introduction 2. Biodiesel 2.1 Present Status and Future Scope 2.2 Potential Production and Consumption 3. Biogas 3.1 Present Status and Future Scope 3.2 Potential Production and Consumption 4. Bio-oil and Gasifier 4.1 Present Status and Future Scope 4.2 Potential Production and Consumption 5. Sustainable Development 6. Conclusions References 2. Biogas Production, Utilization and Entrepreneurship Opportunities 1. Introduction 2. Factors Affecting Biogas Production 2.1 Waste Composition 2.2 Volatile Solid 2.3 Alkalinity and pH 2.4 Volatile Fatty Acids Concentration 2.5 Temperature 2.6 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N ratio) 2.7 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 2.8 Organic Loading Rate (OLR) 3. Status of Family Size Biogas Plants in India 4. Classification of Biogas Plant 4.1 Family Size Biogas Plants 4.1.1 Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant (Deenbandhu Biogas Plant) 4.1.2 Floating Dome Type Biogas Plant (KVIC Biogas Plant) 4.1.3 Prefabricated Biogas Plants 4.1.4 Bag Type Biogas Plants (Flexi model) 4.2 Industrial Biogas Plants 4.2.1 Continuous Stirring Tank Reactor (CSTR) 4.2.2 Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) 5. Approved Models of Family Type Biogas Plants 6. Hurdles in Implementing Family Size Biogas Plants in India 6.1. Availability of Feedstock 6.2 Economic Constraints 6.3 Promotion of Technology 6.4 Availability of Implementing Agency or Skilled Labor at Root Level 6.5 Social Dilemma 7. Entrepreneurship Opportunities in Implementing Family Size Biogas Plants in India 8. Application of Biogas 8.1 Biogas used as a Cooking Fuel 8.2 Use of Biogas as a Lighting Fuel 8.3 Biogas for Power Generation 8.4 Biogas used as Transportation Fuel 8.5 Biogas used as a Heat Engine 8.6 Cogeneration 8.7 Utilization of Biogas for Water Pumping 8.8 Biogas used in Fuel Cell Technology 8.9 Biogas used in Refrigeration 9. Environmental Impacts and Sustainability 9.1 Odour 9.2 Pathogens 9.3 Green House Gases 9.4 Sustainability References 3. Advancements in Biogas Slurry Management Technologies 1. Introduction 2. Biogas Slurry Production 3. Applications of Biogas Slurry 3.1 Organic Manure 3.2 Composting Material 3.3 Vermicomposting 3.4 Bio-Pesticide Applications 3.5 Others Applications 4. Utilization of Biogas Slurry 4.1 Biogas Slurry Processing 4.2 Advanced Technologies for Utilization of Biogas Slurry 4.2.1 Screw Press Separation Technology 4.2.2 Decanter Centrifuge Technology 4.2.3 Belt Filter 4.3 Use of Precipitation Agent for Separation and Settlement 4.3.1 Processing of the Separated Solid Fraction 4.3.2 Processing of the Separated Liquid Fraction 5. Economics of Biogas Slurry Processing 6. Conclusions References 4. Technological Up-gradation in Biogas Production and Utilization for Energy Generation 1. Introduction 2. Basic Process of Anaerobic Digestion 2.1 Hydrolysis 2.2 Acidogenesis (Acidification Phase) 2.3 Acetogenesis 2.4 Methanogenesis 3. Limitations of Single-Stage Digesters 4. Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion (AD) as an Alternative Technology to Improve Biomethanation 5. Community Sized Biogas Plant for Electiricity Generation 5.1 Main Components of Biogas Plant 6. Biogas for Electricity Generation 7. Performance of Biogas-Based Gas Engine 8. Economic Analysis of the Biogas Power Generation System 9. Evaluation of Performance of Community Sized 50 m3 Biogas Plant 9.1 Characterization of Cattle Dung and Digested Slurry 10. Analysis of Nutrients in Cow Dung and Digested Slurry 11. Biogas Production 12. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Biogas Production 13. Composition of Biogas 14. Performance of Gas Engine Runs on 100% Biogas 15. Biogas-Enhancement Strategy 16. Recent Advances in Biogas Purification Technologies 17. Biogas Reforming Technologies 18. Conclusions 19. Acknowledgment References 5. Present Status and Advancements in Biomass Gasification 1. Introduction 1.1 Biomass Energy 1.2 Biomass Energy and Its Sources 1.3 Waste Types and Composition 1.4 Biomass Properties 2. Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies 2.1 Biomass Gasification 2.2 Biomass Gasification Process 2.2.1 Drying 2.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis 2.2.3 Combustion 2.2.4 Cracking 2.2.5 Reduction 2.3 Chemistry of Biomass Gasification 2.4 Composition of Producer Gas 3. Classification of Gasifier 3.1 Updraft Gasifier 3.2 Downdraft Gasifier 3.3 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 3.4 Cross Draft Gasifier 3.5 Twin Fire Gasifier 3.6 Entrained-Flow Gasifier 3.7 Other Types of Gasifiers 3.8 Plasma Gasification for Toxic Organic Waste 3.9 Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) for Wet Biomass 4. Sorption-Enhanced Reforming (SER) and Biomass Gasification with CO2 Capture 5. Application of Syngas/Producer Gas 5.1 Thermal Applications 5.2 Power Applications 6. Advantages of Biomass Gasification Technologies 7. Cooling and Cleaning System of Gasifier 8. Factors Affecting Performance of the Gasifier 8.1 Energy Content of the Feedstock 8.2 Moisture Content 8.3 Volatile Matter Content of The Fuel 8.4 Particle Size and Distribution 8.5 Bulk Density of Fuel 8.6 Fuel Form 8.7 Ash Content of Fuel 8.8 Reactivity of Fuel 9. Important Terminologies References 6. Torrefaction of Biomass 1. Introduction 2. What is Torrefaction? 3. Torrefaction Process Technique 3.1 Reaction Temperature 3.1.1 Core Temperature Rise 3.2 Heating Rate 3.3 Residence Time 3.4 Biomass Type 3.5 Ambience 4. Mechanism of Torrefaction 5. Torrefaction Products 6. Solid Torrefied Biomass Properties 6.1 Physical Properties 6.1.1 Moisture Content 6.1.2 Bulk and Energy Density 6.1.3 Grindability 6.1.4 Pelletability 6.2 Chemical Compositional Changes 6.2.1 Calorific Value 7. Storage Aspects of Torrefied Biomass 7.1 Off-gassing 7.2 Hydrophobicity 8. Applications with Torrefied Biomass 9. Classification of Reactors Used in Torrefaction 10. Advantages of Torrefied Biomass 11. Conclusions References 7. Algal Biomass: A Promising Source for Future Bioenergy Production 1. Introduction 2. Classification of Algal Biomass 2.1 Characteristics of Macroalgae 2.2 Characteristics of Microalgae 3. Cultivation of Algal Biomass 3.1 Cultivation of Microalgae 3.2 Cultivation of Macroalgae 4. Biogas Production from Algal Biomass 4.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process 4.2 Factor Affecting Anaerobic Digestion Process 4.3 Biogas Production from Microalgae and Macroalgae 5. Bioethanol Production from Algal Biomass 5.1 Bioethanol Fermentation Process 5.2 Bioethanol Potential of Microalgae and Macroalgae 6. Biodiesel Production from Algal Biomass 6.1 Biodiesel Production Process 6.1.1. Pretreatment 6.1.2 Fractionation 6.1.3 Transesterification 7. Conclusions References 8. Micro Algae Production for Bio Fuel Generation 1. Introduction 2. What are Micro Algae? 3. Factors Influencing Microalgae Growth 3.1 Physical Factor 3.1.1 Light Intensity 3.1.2 pH and Salinity 3.1.3 Nitrogen/Phosphorus Nutrient 3.1.4 Temperature 3.1.5 Carbon Dioxide 3.1.6 Oxygen 3.1.7 Water Requirement 3.2 Biotic Factors 3.2.1 Invasive Species and Predators 4. Production of Micro Algae 4.1 Up-Scaling of Micro-Algae Production 4.2 Microalgae Cultivation 4.2.1 Open Ponds 4.2.2 Raceway Ponds 4.2.3 Thin Layer Cascades 4.2.4 Circular Ponds 4.2.5 Closed systems/Photo bioreactors (PBR) 4.2.6 Hybrid Systems 4.3 Comparison of Cultivation Systems 4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Micro Algae Production Systems 4.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Pond System 4.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Closed system 5. Construction of Open Pond Systems for Micro Algae Production 5.1 Operating Factors to be Consider While Development of Open Ponds 5.1.1 Pond Liners 5.1.2 Mixing 5.1.3 Depth 5.1.4 Cell Concentration 5.2 Construction Design of Raceway and Circular Types Open Ponds 6. Harvesting of Microalgae 7. Drying of Harvested Algal Biomass 8. Biofuels Derived from Microalgae 9. Status, Challenges and the Way Forward References 9. Biochar Production for Environmental Application 1. Introduction 2. Biochar 3. Status in Indian Context 4. Biochar Production Technologies 4.1 Batch Type 4.2 Continuous Type 4.3 Novel Process 5. Factors Affecting Biochar Production 6. Physicochemical Properties of Biochar 7. Applications of Biochar 7.1 Soil Conditioner 7.2 Waste Water Treatment 7.3 Energy Production 7.4 Cosmetics 7.5 Paints and Colouring 8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Biochar 8.1 Advantages of Biochar 8.2 Disadvantages of Biochar 9. Economics of Biochar 10. Conclusions References 10. Advancement in Improved Biomass Cookstove and Its Current Status in India 1. Introduction 2. Classification of Biomass Cookstove 3. Recent Advancement in Cookstove Development 4. Potential to Mitigate GHG Emissions Through ICS 5. Policy Framework for Dissemination of Improved Cookstove in India 6. Problems of Lower Acceptance of Improved Biomass Stove 7. Strategy to Enhance Adoptability of ICS– Author’s View 8. Conclusions References 11. Practical Evaluation Approach of a Typical Biomass Cookstove 1. Introduction 2. Need for Cookstove Testing 2.1 Types of Testing 2.1.1 Laboratory Testing 2.1.2 Field Testing 2.2 Performance Parameters 2.2.1 Thermal Performance Parameters 2.2.1.1 Power 2.2.1.2 Thermal Efficiency and Specific Fuel Consumption 2.2.1.3 Turn-Down Ratio 2.2.2 Emission Performance Parameters 2.2.3 Effect of Operating Parameters 2.2.3.1 Fuel Type 2.2.3.2 Fuel Size 2.2.3.3 Fuel Moisture Content 2.2.3.4 Pot Size and Lid 3. Stove Testing Protocols 3.1 History and Evolution of Testing Protocols 3.2 Performance Evaluation of Biomass Cookstoves 3.3 Uncertainty in Testing 4. Conclusions References 12. Densification Technologies for Agro Waste Management 1. Introduction 2. Mechanics of Bonding of Particles 3. Raw Materials for Briquetting and Pre-treatments 3.1 Collection of Materials 3.2 Pre-treatment of Raw Materials 4. Densification Technologies 4.1 Piston Press Type Machine 4.2 Screw Press Type Machine 4.3 Roller Press Type 4.4 Manual Press and Low Press Machine 4.5 Flat Die Type Machine 5. Comparison of Different Densification Technologies 6. Characteristics of Biomass Briquettes 6.1 Physical Properties 6.1.1 Moisture Content 6.1.2 Bulk Density 6.1.3 Shatter Resistance Test 6.1.4 Tumbling Resistance Test 6.1.5 Water Penetration Resistance 6.1.6 Degree of Densification 6.1.7 Energy Density Ratio 6.2 Thermal Properties of Briquettes 6.2.1 Volatile Matter 6.2.2 Ash Content 6.2.3 Fixed Carbon 6.2.4 Calorific Value 6.3 Energy Evaluation Analysis 6.3.1 Thermal Fuel Efficiency (TFE) Test 6.3.2 Burning Rate 6.3.3 Ignition Time 7. Economics of Briquetting Technology 8. Binders Used in Biomass Densification Technology 8.1 Lignosulfonates 8.2 Bentonite 8.3 Starches 8.4 Protein 9. Conclusions References 13. Recent Advancement in Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Bioethanol and Biogas 1. Introduction 2. Microorganisms Involved in Biofuel Production 3. Substrates Utilized by Microorganisms for Production of Biofuels 4. Biosynthesis of Bioethanol and Biogas 5. Second Generation Biofuels 6. Related Challenges and Possible Solutions References 14. Bamboo as a Building Material for Climate Change Mitigation 1. Introduction 2. Bamboo in Construction 2.1 Bamboo as Reinforcement in Structural Elements 2.2 Bamboo for Climate Change Mitigation 3. Codal Provisions 4. Conclusions References Index