Mapping LGBTQ Spaces and Places : A Changing World

Description

This book addresses LGBTQ issues in relation to among others law and policy, mobility and migration, children and family, social well-being and identity, visible and invisible landscapes, teaching and instruction, parades, arts and cartography and mapping. A variety of research methods are used to explore identities, communities, networks and landscapes, all which can be used in subsequent research and classroom instruction and disciplinary and interdisciplinary levels. This extensive book stimulates future pioneering research ventures in rural and urban settings about existing and proposed LGBTQ policies, individual and group mapping, visible and invisible spaces, and the construction of public and private spaces. Through the methodologies and rich bibliographies, this book provides a rich source for future comparative research of scholars working in social work, NGOs and public policy, and community networking and development. Preface Introduction: Continuing the LGBTQ Journey into New Countries and Subjects Genealogies Putting LGBTQ Issues on the Map Categories and Scales Overview References Contents About the Editors and Contributors Editors and Co-editors Contributors Part I: Putting LGBTQ Issues on the Map Chapter 1: Maps of LGBT Issues Across the Globe 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Recent Literature 1.3 Methods 1.4 Map Construction 1.5 Results 1.6 LGBT Thematic Maps 1.7 Ongoing Research: More Maps and Analyses to Explore Unknown Worlds References Chapter 2: Representing the Perception of Violence in São Paulo, Brazil in Mental Maps: Queer Cartography as a Theoretical and Methodological Approach 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Defining Queer Cartography 2.3 Mental Maps and the Perception of Urban Violence 2.3.1 Antônio 2.3.2 Júlio 2.3.3 Bárbara 2.3.4 Maria Antônia 2.3.5 Aurora 2.3.6 Orís 2.4 Spatial Identity, Topophilia and Topophobia 2.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 3: Policy Makes a Family: Croatian LGBTQ Movement and the Struggle for Fostering Rights 3.1 From YU to EU: Historical Background and Current Issues 3.2 Policies in Question and Those Questioning Them 3.3 “I Think That a Child Needs Love” References Chapter 4: Law and Morality: Evolution of LGBT Rights in Estonia, Hungary and Poland: From Communist Past to Current Reality 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Influence of the Soviet Union in Member States and Satellite States with Reference to Attitude Formation 4.3 Independence and Globalization—Creating More Tolerance 4.4 Estonia, Hungary and Poland: Different Approaches 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Queerness and Performance (Un)Doing the Map: Perspectives from the Global South 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Bodies… Borders 5.3 Undoing the Map: Performance and Utopias 5.4 Final Considerations References Chapter 6: Representing the Hijras of South Asia: Toward Transregional and Global Flows 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Naming 6.3 Beyond Emasculation 6.4 Occupation 6.5 Kinship, Lineage and Living Arrangements 6.6 Religious Pasts and Futures 6.7 Globalization and HIV-AIDS 6.8 Rights and Recognition 6.9 Translating Hijras as Transgender 6.10 Concluding Thoughts: Toward Critical Regionality References Chapter 7: Bench Love in Daneshjoo Park: Queering Public Spaces and Pedagogy for the Public in Tehran 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theoretical Foundation 7.3 Purification of Public Spaces and Enactment of Pedagogy for the Public 7.4 Daneshjoo Park as Public Pedagogy: A Heterotopic Space for Resistance and Queering of Public Spaces 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: LGBTQ+ Topographies: An Analysis of Socio-Spatial Interactions by Mapping of Social Media in São Paulo and Berlin 8.1 Introduction 8.2 LGBTQ+ Topographies 8.2.1 LGBTQ+ Urban Spaces 8.2.2 Urban Analytics 8.2.3 Aim 8.3 Research Method 8.3.1 Data Sources 8.3.2 Collection 8.3.3 Extraction 8.3.4 Aggregation 8.4 Results 8.5 Discussion 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: “The Whole Neighbourhood Is Becoming Gay!” Reflections on the Effects of Geolocated Dating Apps on the Practice and Perception of the Urban Space of Gay Men in Major French Cities 9.1 Introduction 9.2 From the Internet to Dating Applications 9.3 The Reconfiguration of Homosexual Centralities in Large Cities 9.4 Methodology 9.4.1 Geography of Homosexuality in France 9.4.2 Data: Online Survey, Semi-Directive Interviews and Participatory Observation on Dating Apps 9.5 Taking Ownership of the City Through Location-Based Dating Applications 9.6 Can Dating Take Place Everywhere? 9.6.1 The Persistence and Reconfiguration of Injunctions to Invisibility 9.6.2 Multiple Avoidance Practices 9.7 The Upkeep and Change of Historical Community Centralities 9.8 Conclusion References Part II: Challenging Knowledge Production Chapter 10: Re-signifying Political Spatiality and Spatial Politics of All-Gender Spaces in New York 10.1 Introduction: Queer(ing) Spaces 10.2 Prior Scholarship 10.3 Methodology 10.4 Findings: The Queer(ing) Reaffirmation of All-Gender Spaces 10.4.1 The Constitutive Power of Thresholds 10.4.2 Recognizing Visibility/Visible Recognition 10.4.3 All-Gender Spaces as Sites of (Feminist) Ethics of Care 10.5 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 11: Enhancing the Erotic as Power: Sexuality and Pleasure in Feminist, Lesbian and Queer Spaces in Rome and Madrid 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Bridging Social Movement Studies and the Feminist Reflection on Sexuality 11.3 Politics by Other Means: The Erotic Within Feminist, Lesbian and Queer Spaces 11.4 Politics as Relationship: Paths of Engagement and Factors of Political Participation 11.5 Sexuality and Love as Biographical Outcomes 11.6 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Measuring Global Attitudes Toward Homosexuality: A Critical Review of LGBT Indexes 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Attitudes Toward LGBT People or Homophobia 12.3 Global Measurements 12.3.1 Global Acceptance Index (GAI) 12.3.2 World Values Survey (WVS) 12.3.3 ILGA-RIWI Global Attitudes Survey 12.4 Measurement by Continent 12.4.1 Afrobarometer 12.4.2 Eurobarometer 12.4.3 European Values Survey (EVS) 12.4.4 Latinobarometro 12.5 Measurements in Other Countries and Regions Around the World 12.5.1 Global Attitudes Survey 12.5.2 Americas Barometer 12.5.3 Gallup World Poll 12.5.4 General Social Survey 12.6 Conclusion Appendices Appendix 1: Survey Question Wordings Appendix 2: Characteristics of the LGBT Surveys Discussed References Chapter 13: Thinking Critically About ‘Men Who Have Sex with Men’ Data Collection and Use in the Global South: Examples from the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief 13.1 Introduction 13.2 PEPFAR and MSM Programming 13.3 PEPFAR’s Strategies to Collect Data on MSM 13.4 Evaluating the Efficacy of PEPFAR Programmes: The Risks for MSM 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Gay Men Living with HIV in England and Italy in Times of Undetectability: A Life Course Perspective 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Place, Space, the Life Course and HIV 14.3 Turning Points: HIV Diagnosis and Undetectability 14.4 HIV and the Body 14.4.1 HIV, Bodies and Fluids 14.4.2 HIV, Bodies and Movement 14.5 Conclusions References Chapter 15: How Gay Men Viewed Old Gay Men When They Were Young or First Came Out 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Literature 15.3 Sample and Method 15.4 Avoidance, Ambivalence, Acceptance 15.4.1 Avoidance 15.4.1.1 Physical Features 15.4.1.2 Attitudes or Behaviours 15.4.2 Ambivalence 15.4.3 Acceptance 15.4.3.1 OGM as Accepted 15.4.3.2 Social Sexual 15.4.3.3 Sexually Available 15.4.3.4 Social Partners 15.4.3.5 Unexceptional 15.4.3.6 OGM as Respected 15.4.3.7 Status or Achievements 15.4.3.8 Survivors 15.4.3.9 OGM as Desired or Desirable 15.5 Conclusion References Chapter 16: The Changing Geography of Homosexuality in Santiago de Chile: Is the Individual a New Space for Analysis? 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Methodology 16.3 Results 16.3.1 Fragmentation of the Homosexual Space in Santiago 16.3.2 An Individual Representation of Sexual Exploration 16.3.3 The Limits of Self-Determination 16.4 Discussion 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Dangerous Liaisons: Neoliberal Tropes of the ‘Normal’ and ‘Middle-Class Respectability’ in the Post-socialist LG(BT) Activism 17.1 The Quest for ‘Normal’ 17.2 Heteronormative Gender Order 17.3 Respectability and Neoliberalisation Discourse 17.3.1 Respectability 17.4 Reading “Let Them See Us” Otherwise 17.5 Conclusions – Belonging and ‘Sexual Citizenship’ References Chapter 18: When the City Calls: Mapping Indigenous Australian Queer Placemaking in Sydney 18.1 Indigenous Australians 18.2 Mapping the Migration of Queer Indigenous Australians 18.3 ‘It’s a Cultural Thing’ 18.4 Conclusion References Chapter 19: LGBT People in Small and Medium Villages: Spatial Analyses of Everyday Experiences in a Catalan Region 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Methodology 19.3 Results 19.3.1 Geographic Insights on the Perceived Conservative Character of the Region 19.3.2 LGBT Collective and the Spaces of Everyday Life 19.4 Conclusions References Part III: Making LGBTQ Places and Spaces Visible Chapter 20: Toward a Queering of the Right to the City: Insights from the Tensions in LGBTIQ+ Politics in Geneva, the “Capital of Peace” 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Geneva, Capital of Peace for ALL? 20.3 Public Spaces, Urban Policies and Sexualities 20.4 Queer Critiques of Citizenship in Times of the Neoliberalization of Urban Policies 20.5 Feminist Critiques of the Right to the City 20.6 Towards a Queer Reappropriation of the Right to the City Through Bodies in Action 20.7 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Space and Identity: Comparing the Production of Queer Spaces in Amsterdam and Hong Kong 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Research Design, Methodology and Ethics 21.3 Researching Queer Space 21.3.1 Conceptualizing Queer Space 21.3.2 Conceptualizing Heteronormativity and Homonormativity 21.3.3 U.S.-Centric Narrative of Queer Space 21.4 Case Selection 21.4.1 Amsterdam 21.4.2 Hong Kong 21.5 Conceptual Framework 21.6 Case Study: Amsterdam 21.6.1 Amsterdam—Queer Space 21.6.2 Amsterdam—Spatial 21.6.3 Amsterdam—Social 21.6.4 Amsterdam—Governance 21.6.5 Amsterdam—Economic 21.6.6 Amsterdam—Identity 21.7 Case Study: Hong Kong 21.7.1 Hong Kong—Queer Space 21.7.2 Hong Kong—Spatial 21.7.3 Hong Kong—Social 21.7.4 Hong Kong—Governance 21.7.5 Hong Kong—Economic 21.7.6 Hong Kong—Identity 21.8 Conclusion 21.9 Future Research References Chapter 22: When the Gay Village Is Somewhere Else: Reflections on LGBTQ+ Public Policies in Catalan Rural Areas 22.1 Brief Notes on the Alt Empordà and the Garrotxa Regions 22.2 Stakeholders Facing LGBTQ+ Policies and Services in Rural Areas 22.3 Stakeholders Facing LGBTQ+phobia and Sexual and Gender Diversity in Rural Areas 22.4 LGBTQ+ Policies in Rural Areas: Challenges and Opportunities References Chapter 23: When Is a Kiss Not Just a Kiss? Geographies of Lesbian and Gay Intimacy in France 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Proxemics: The Study of the Geographies of Intimacy 23.3 Description of the Survey 23.4 Controlling Affection in the Public Space 23.4.1 Negotiated Visibility in the Couple 23.4.2 Gendered Visibility 23.5 Visibility as a Function of Space 23.5.1 A Differentiated Practice That Is Not Aligned with the Size of Towns and Cities 23.5.2 Contacts Not Just Anywhere and Not Just Anytime 23.6 By Way of Conclusion: Back to the Pact of Opacity References Chapter 24: Parading for the Future: Queer Temporalities of Pride in an Ordinary Israeli City 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Queer Temporalities 24.3 LGBT Urban Geographies and Pride Parades 24.4 Research Context: The Ashdod Pride Parade 24.5 Methods 24.6 Pride as a Temporal Bubble 24.7 Pride as a Spatial Bubble 24.8 Tempo-Spatial Becoming of Youth: We Are the Future 24.9 Discussion References Chapter 25: A Decade of Prague Pride: Mapping Origins, Seeking Meanings, Understanding Effects 25.1 Introduction 25.2 The “Belated” Pride in Prague 25.3 First Public Pride Events in Czechia 25.4 Passing the Baton to Prague 25.5 Formation of the Concept 25.6 Formative Effects of Local Resources, Support, Opposition, and Obstacles 25.6.1 Municipality-Level Factors 25.6.2 Opposition 25.6.3 Support and Funding 25.7 The Meaning of Pride 25.8 Conclusion References Chapter 26: Resisting Pinkwashing: Adaptive Queerness in Vancouver Pride Parades 26.1 Pride Parades and Their Activist Roots 26.2 Pride’s Anti-capitalist History 26.3 Pride’s Capitalist Turn 26.4 Mainstream Pride and Emergence of Alternative Pride Marches 26.5 Queer Neoliberalism Meets Queer Theory 26.6 Methodology 26.7 Results 26.7.1 Critique of Corporate Sponsorship of Pride 26.7.2 Adaptative Queerness 26.8 Adaptive Queerness and the Future of Pride Parades? References Chapter 27: On Being Trans in Norway: Negotiating Belonging Through and Within the (Cis)Gender Imaginary 27.1 Introduction 27.2 The Case of Norway 27.3 Literature Review 27.4 Methodology 27.5 Theory 27.6 Discussion 27.6.1 Ana 27.6.2 Sebastian 27.7 Conclusion References Chapter 28: Recognition or Othering? Trans* Representation in Russian Media 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Trans* In/Visibility in Academic Research 28.3 Trans* In/Visibility in Mainstream Media 28.3.1 The Bachelor: Stereotyped Trans* Visibility 28.3.2 Tatler: The Cover Girl 28.4 The Minority-Oriented Representation of a Trans* Woman: Scarlett 28.5 Empowering Trans* Visibility or Trans* Othering for the Sake of the Spectacle? References Part IV: Resisting Oppression and Violence Chapter 29: The “S” Factor: Feminist and Queer Movements and the Production of Safer Spaces in Urban Contexts in Rome and Madrid 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The Body and the City: Debunking Politics from the Margins 29.3 Safer from Within 29.4 Safer from Without 29.5 Safer as Political 29.6 Conclusions References Chapter 30: Gender, Violence and Public Spaces in France and the United Kingdom: Contributions by Trans Studies to Feminist Geographies 30.1 Gendered Violence and Socialisation: A Review of the Literature 30.1.1 Public Spaces, Violence and Women’s Socialisation 30.1.2 Heteronormativity, Violence and Public Spaces 30.2 Violence at the Heart of Socialisation Gendered to Fit into Public Spaces 30.2.1 Women’s Socialisation… Through Violence 30.2.1.1 Talk, Dress and Stand Like a Woman 30.2.1.2 Internalising Fears and Giving Way to Men 30.2.2 A Form of Dominant Socialisation Through the Absence of Violence 30.2.2.1 Male Socialisation… or the Absence of Female Socialisation 30.2.2.2 Persistence of Trauma Resulting from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence 30.2.3 The Gender of Racism and the Process of Masculine Minorisation 30.3 Are Some Places Safer Than Others? The Consequences of Violence on Representations of Public Spaces 30.4 Conclusion References Chapter 31: Displaying (Trans)Gender in Space and Time: Deconstructing Spatial Binaries of Violence and Security in the UK and Portugal 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Accountabilities, Social Locations and (Un)Safe Gendered Spaces 31.3 Gender Identity in the UK and Portugal: Social and Legal Contexts 31.4 Methodological Strategies 31.5 Discriminations, Harassment and Violence in the “Unsafe” Spaces of the Public Sphere 31.6 Looking for Safe Spaces: Community and Private Spaces 31.7 Complicating (Trans)Gender Binaries 31.8 Conclusion References Chapter 32: Out in the Country and in the City: Discourses and Practices of Being Out in the Hungarian LGBTQ Community 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Binary 1: East vs. West 32.3 Binary 2: Out vs. Closeted 32.4 Binary 3: City vs. Country 32.4.1 Compartmentalization 32.4.2 Coming Out 32.5 Conclusion References Chapter 33: Limiting Queerness: Finding the Spatiality and Spatial Boundaries of LGBTQ+ Community Centers 33.1 Introduction: Questionable Welcomes to (Un)Safe Spaces 33.2 The Discursive Spaces Within Sanctuary Places 33.2.1 Feminist and Queer Spatial Theories 33.2.2 The Welcoming Spaces of Gay Villages 33.2.3 Safe Spaces as “Spaces to Struggle In” 33.2.4 LGBTQ+ Queer(ing) Spaces 33.3 Discussion and Conclusion: Virtual Discourse/Discursive Virtuality References Chapter 34: Queer Vietnamese Youths’ Manoeuvring and (Re)Negotiation of Filial Duties: Becoming the Good Citizen 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Parental (Re)Actions and the Link Between State and Family 34.3 Navigating and (Re)Negotiating Filial Duties 34.3.1 Strategic Silence 34.3.2 Renegotiating Gender Norms Through Refusal of Marriage 34.3.3 Proving Oneself as a Good Queer Citizen 34.3.4 Critique of the “Good Citizen” Strategy 34.3.5 Drawing on a Discourse of Love 34.4 Conclusion References Chapter 35: Resilience in the Face of Heteronormativity: Experiences of Non-heterosexual Young Women in the Family Home in Manresa, Catalonia 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Heteronormativity and Private Space 35.3 Methodology 35.4 Discussion 35.4.1 Coming Out 35.4.2 Invisibility and Passing 35.5 Conclusions References Chapter 36: Lesbian Life in a French Prison: Surveillance, Refuge and Self-Naming 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Methodology 36.3 A Female Couple in Prison: From Refuge to Emancipation 36.4 The Constraints of Carceral Life and Control of Female Sexuality 36.5 Lesbian Self-Naming: Heterosexual Normativity in the Face of Carceral Experience References Chapter 37: “It’s Not About Surviving; It’s About Protecting Ourselves”: An Exploratory Field Study on Male Homosexuality in French Working-Class Neighbourhoods 37.1 Introduction 37.2 From One Village to Another: The Paradoxes of Mobility 37.2.1 A Life in the “Cité”: Solidarity and Control 37.3 Being “Out” Without Mobility 37.4 Under Conditions: Sex and Love in the Cité 37.4.1 Living in Couple Without Visibility 37.4.2 Some Sexual Exchanges: Revival of Outdoor Sexuality 37.5 Conclusion References Part V: Building LGBTQ Community and Perspectives Chapter 38: Experiencing Double Penalty for Being Gay and Asian in the West: How Intersection Modifies Migration Decisions of South Korean Gays and Lesbians 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Gay Imperialism 38.3 Migration Strategies 38.4 Conclusion References Chapter 39: LGBTQ+ Choirs, Community Music, Queer Artistic Citizenship in London 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Communities, Care, Asylum 39.3 Performance, Society, History 39.4 Activism, Solidarity, Collaboration 39.5 Conclusions References Chapter 40: An Emerging World of LGBT Stamps 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Related Literature 40.3 Definitions and Purposes 40.4 Databases 40.5 Analyses 40.6 Discussion 40.7 Conclusions References Chapter 41: The “Other” Side of Laugavegur: Past Queer Spaces in Reykjavík 41.1 Introduction 41.2 The Function and Demand for Queer Space 41.3 Laugavegur 11: A Refuge for Artists, Homosexuals and “Slightly Unhinged” People 41.4 Laugavegur 22: Out of the Closet and onto the Corrugated Iron Roof! 41.5 Laugavegur: The Queer Street in Reykjavík 41.6 Conclusion References Chapter 42: Gay Inheritance Decisions: Family of Choice or Family of Origin? 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Literature 42.3 Sample and Method 42.4 Discussion 42.4.1 Niece or Nephew 42.4.2 Partner or Spouse 42.4.3 Friend(s) 42.4.4 Charity 42.4.5 Sibling(s) 42.4.6 Children, Godchildren, Stepchildren 42.5 Conclusion References Chapter 43: Childhood, Schools and the Ideal Citizen: Efforts to Support LGBTQ Children in Australian Schools in the 1980s and 2000s 43.1 Introduction 43.2 GAYTAS and the Kit on Homosexuality 43.3 The Safe Schools Coalition (SSC) 43.4 Conclusion References Chapter 44: Teaching Teenagers About Gender Norms and Sexuality Through Spatiality in French Rurality 44.1 Introduction 44.2 Gender, Sexuality, Adolescence and Rurality in Geography 44.3 Teaching Teenagers About Sexual Identities in Rural Environs: Context, Expectations and Representations 44.4 Using a Diversity of Protocols to Question Identities 44.5 Collecting Data: Learning to Understand the Stakes Set by School Spaces in Rurality for Sexual and Gender Identity Building 44.6 Rurality Is Not Lagging Behind and School Is Central to Talk About Identities: Finding Out About Teenagers’ Expectations and Needs References Chapter 45: Trans Mobility Across Borders: Towards an Intersectional Account of Trans Diaspora in Migration Studies 45.1 Towards an Intersectional Turn in Migration Studies? 45.2 Making Sense of Queer Diasporic Identity 45.3 An Intersectional Epistemology for Trans Diaspora 45.4 Analysing Trans Discourse from an Intersectional Epistemology 45.5 Passing Through Sex Work: Agency Arising from Structures at the Intersection of Class, Transnational and Gender Mobility 45.6 Passing Through Male Privilege: Intersections Within Heteronormative Gender 45.7 Passing Through Naturalization: Material and Symbolic Agency Meet at the Intersection of Transnational and Gender Mobility 45.8 Concluding Remarks References