Examination of orthopedic & athletic injuries

Description

Title Page Copyright Dedication Preface Contributors Reviewers Acknowledgments Contents Section 1 Foundations of Examination Chapter 1 Examination Process Differential Diagnosis Systematic Examination Technique The Examination Model Regional Interdependence The Role of The Uninjured Paired Structure Clinical Assessment History Physical Examination Functional Assessment Inspection Palpation Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Selective Tissue Tests Neurological Screening Vascular Screening Review of Systems The Role of Evidence in the Examination Process Chapter 2 Examination and Management of Acute Conditions Emergency Planning Sport-Specific Rules Critical Findings The On-Field Examination Equipment Considerations Primary Survey Secondary Survey On-Field History On-Field Joint and On-Field Joint Stability Tests On-Field Neurological Testing On-Field Vascular Assessment Immediate Management Splinting Transportation Disposition Return-to-Play Decision Making Chapter 3 Evidence-Based Practice in the Diagnostic Process The Role of Evidence-Based Practice in Orthopedic Examination and Diagnosis Fundamentals of Interpreting Research Reliability Diagnostic Accuracy Diagnostic Gold Standard Diagnostic Predictive Value Sensitivity and Specificity Likelihood Ratios Positive Likelihood Ratio Negative Likelihood Ratio Interpreting Likelihood Ratios Clinical Decision Rules Clinical Practice Guidelines Outcome Measures Incorporating Evidence-Based Practice into Clinical Diagnosis Use of Evidence in This Text Chapter 4 Injury Pathology Nomenclature Tissue Response to Stress Stress–Strain Relationships Mechanisms of Injury Tensile Forces Compression Forces Shear Forces Torsion Forces Direct Blow Soft Tissue Pathology Musculotendinous Injuries Contusions Heterotopic Ossification Joint Structure Pathology Articular Surface Pathology Bony Pathology Exostosis Apophysitis Fractures Neurological and Vascular Pathologies Peripheral Nerve Injury Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Chapter 5 Musculoskeletal Diagnostic Techniques Imaging Techniques Radiography Computed Tomography Scan Magnetic Resonance Imaging Bone Scan Diagnostic Ultrasound Nerve Conduction Study/Electromyography Chapter 6 Assessment of Posture Clinical Anatomy The Kinetic Chain Muscular Function Muscle Imbalances Noncontractile Soft Tissue Influences Clinical Examination of Posture History Functional Assessment Inspection Views of Postural Inspection Palpation Muscle-Length Assessment Common Postural Deviations Foot and Ankle The Knee Spine and Pelvis Shoulder and Scapula Head and Cervical Spine Regional Interdependence Documentation of Postural Assessment Chapter 7 Evaluation of Gait Observational Gait Analysis Gait Terminology Walking Gait Phases Stance Phase Swing Phase Running Gait Cycle Stance Phase Swing Phase General Approach to Patient Evaluation History Physical Examination Observational Gait Analysis Findings Compensatory Gait Deviations Quantitative Gait Analysis Section 2 Lower Extremity Examination Chapter 8 Foot and Toe Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Zones of the Foot Articulations and Ligamentous Support Muscles Acting on the Foot and Toes Arches of the Foot Neurological Anatomy Vascular Anatomy Clinical Examination of the Foot and Toes History Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Neurological Examination Vascular Examination Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Influence of Foot Structure on Pathology Plantar Heel Pain Tarsal Coalition Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Metatarsal Fractures Lisfranc Injuries Phalangeal Fractures Intermetatarsal Neuroma Hallux Rigidus Hallux Valgus First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Sprains Sesamoiditis On-Field Examination of Foot Injuries Equipment Considerations On-Field History On-Field Inspection On-Field Palpation On-Field Joint Function Tests On-Field Management of Foot Injuries Plantar Fascia Ruptures Fractures and Dislocations Chapter 9 Ankle and Leg Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Related Bony Structures Articulations and Ligamentous Support Muscles of the Leg and Ankle Bursae Neurological Anatomy Vascular Anatomy Clinical Examination of the Ankle and Leg History Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Neurological Assessment Vascular Assessment Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Ankle Sprains Ankle and Leg Fractures Achilles Tendon Pathology Peroneal Tendon Pathology Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome Stress Fractures Compartment Syndromes On-Field Examination of Leg and Ankle Injuries Equipment Considerations On-Field History On-Field Inspection On-Field Palpation On-Field Range of Motion Tests Initial Management of On-Field Injuries Ankle Dislocations Compartment Syndrome Chapter 10 Knee Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Articulations and Ligamentous Support The Menisci Muscles Acting on the Knee Neurological Anatomy Vascular Anatomy Clinical Examination of Knee Injuries History Past Medical History History of the Present Condition Functional Assessment Inspection Determination of Intracapsular versusExtracapsular Swelling Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Neurological Assessment Vascular Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Uniplanar Knee Sprains Rotational Knee Instabilities Meniscal Tears Osteochondral Lesions Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome Popliteus Tendinopathy Knee Osteoarthritis Tibiofemoral Joint Dislocations On-Field Examination of Knee Injuries Equipment Considerations On-Field History On-Field Inspection On-Field Palpation On-Field Range of Motion Tests On-Field Ligamentous Tests On-Field Management of Knee Injuries Tibiofemoral Joint Dislocations Collateral and Cruciate Ligament Sprains Meniscal Tears Chapter 11 Patellofemoral Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Articulations and Ligamentous Support Muscular Anatomy and RelatedSoft Tissues Bursae of the Extensor Mechanism Clinical Examination of the Patellofemoral Joint History Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Neurological and Vascular Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Patellofemoral Instability Patellofemoral Tendinopathies Traumatic Conditions On-Field Evaluation of Patellofemoral Injuries Equipment Considerations On-Field History On-Field Palpation On-Field Functional Assessment Initial Management of On-Field Injuries Patellar Tendon Rupture and Patellar Fracture Chapter 12 Pelvis and Thigh Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Articulations and Ligamentous Support Muscular Anatomy Bursae Neurological Anatomy Vascular Anatomy Clinical Examination of the Pelvis and Thigh History Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Neurological Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Iliac Crest Contusion Muscle Tears Quadriceps Contusion Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease Femoral Stress Fractures Intra-Articular Pathology Femoral Acetabular Impingement Labral Tears Hip Osteoarthritis Hip Subluxation Athletic Pubalgia Osteitis Pubis Piriformis Syndrome Snapping Hip Syndrome (Coxa Saltans) Bursitis On-Field Evaluation of Pelvis and Thigh Injuries Initial Evaluation and Management of On-Field Injuries Hip Dislocation Femoral Fracture Section 3 Torso Examination Chapter 13 Lumbosacral Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Bony Anatomy Intervertebral Discs Articulations, Ligamentous andFascial Anatomy Neurological Anatomy Muscular Anatomy Clinical Examination of the Lumbar Spine History Nonorganic Origin of Pain Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Selective Tissue Tests Neurological Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Spinal Stenosis Intervertebral Disc Lesions Segmental Instability Erector Spinae Muscle Tears Spondylopathies Sacroiliac Pathology On-Field Examination of Lumbar Spine Injuries On-Field History On-Field Inspection On-Field Neurological Tests On-Field Palpation On-Field Management of Lumbar Spine Injuries Lumbar Spine Chapter 14 Cervical and Thoracic Spine and Thorax Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Cervical Spine Thoracic Spine Intervertebral Discs Ligamentous Anatomy Neurological Anatomy Thorax Muscular Anatomy Clinical Examination of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine and Thorax History Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Neurological Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Cervical Radiculopathy Clinical Cervical Instability Facet Joint Dysfunction Brachial Plexus Pathology Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Thoracic Spine Pathologies Thorax Pathologies Splenic Injury Kidney Trauma Commotio Cordis On-Field Evaluation and Management of Cervical and Thoracic Spine and Thorax Injuries Brachial Plexus Injury Thoracic Spine Rib Fractures Pneumothorax and Hemothorax Respiratory Distress Section 4 Upper Extremity Examination Chapter 15 Shoulder and Upper Arm Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Bony Anatomy Joints of the Shoulder Complex Muscles of the Shoulder Complex Bursae of the Shoulder Complex Clinical Examination of Shoulder Injuries History Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Neurological Testing Vascular Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Scapulothoracic Articulation Pathology Sternoclavicular Joint Sprains Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology Glenohumeral Instability Anterior Instability Nontraumatic Anterior Instability Traumatic Anterior Instability Posterior Instability Acute Posterior Dislocation Rotator Cuff Pathology Biceps Tendon Pathology Adhesive Capsulitis On-Field Examination of Shoulder Injuries Equipment Considerations On-Field History On-Field Inspection On-Field Palpation On-Field Neurological Tests Initial Management of On-Field Shoulder Injuries Scapular Fractures Clavicular Injuries Chapter 16 Elbow and Forearm Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Articulations and Ligamentous Support Muscular Anatomy Nerves Bursae Clinical Examination of the Elbow and Forearm History Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Active Range of Motion Manual Muscle Testing Passive Range of Motion Joint Stability Tests Neurological Testing Vascular Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Elbow Dislocations Fractures About the Elbow Elbow Sprains Ulnar Collateral Ligament Radial Collateral Ligament Osteochondritis Dissecansof the Capitulum Epicondylalgia Lateral Epicondylalgia Medial Epicondylalgia Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture Nerve Pathology Forearm Compartment Syndrome On-Field Examination of Elbow and Forearm Injuries On-Field History On-Field Inspection On-Field Palpation On-Field Joint and Muscle Function Tests On-Field Neurological Tests On-Field Management of Elbow and Forearm Injuries Elbow Dislocations Fractures About the Elbow Chapter 17 Wrist, Hand, and Finger Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Articulations and Ligamentous Support Muscular Anatomy Nerves The Carpal Tunnel Clinical Examination of Injuries to the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers History Functional Assessment Inspection Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Wrist Joint and Muscle Function Assessment Joint Stability Tests Wrist and Hand Joint Play Assessment Neurological Testing Vascular Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Wrist Pathology Hand Pathology Finger Pathology Thumb Pathology On-Field Evaluation and Management of Wrist, Hand, and Finger Injuries Wrist Fractures and Dislocations Interphalangeal Joint Dislocations Hand and Finger Fractures Lacerations Section 5 Examination of the Head Chapter 18 Eye Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Eye Structures Muscular Anatomy Visual Acuity Clinical Examination of Eye Injuries History Inspection Functional Assessment Neurological Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Orbital Fractures Corneal Abrasions Corneal Lacerations Traumatic Iritis Hyphema Retinal Detachment Ruptured Globe Conjunctivitis Foreign Body Embedment On-Field Examination and Management of Eye Injuries Contact Lens Removal Orbital Fractures Penetrating Eye Injuries Chemical Burns Chapter 19 Face and Related Structure Pathologies Clinical Anatomy Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy The Ear The Nose The Throat The Mouth The Teeth Muscular Anatomy Clinical Examination of Facial Injuries History Inspection Functional Assessment Neurological Testing Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Ear Pathology Nasal Injuries Throat Injury Facial Fractures Dental Conditions Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction On-Field Examination and Management of Injuries to the Face and Related Areas Lacerations Laryngeal Injuries Facial Fractures Temporomandibular Joint Injuries Nasal Fracture and Epistaxis Dental Injuries Chapter 20 Head and Acute Cervical Spine Pathologies Clinical Anatomy The Brain The Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood Circulation in the Brain Examination Scenarios Evaluation of the Athlete’s Position Examination of Head Injuries Determination of Consciousness History Inspection Palpation Functional Assessment Cranial Nerve Function Neurocognitive Function Vital Signs Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests Traumatic Brain Injury Concussion Concussion Assessment Tools Postconcussion Syndrome Diffuse Cerebral Swelling Intracranial Hemorrhage Home Instructions Skull Fractures Examination of Acute Cervical Spine Injuries History Inspection Functional Assessment Neurological Assessment Acute Cervical Spine Trauma On-Field Examination and Management of Cervical Spine Injuries and the Unconscious Athlete Equipment Considerations Initial Inspection Initial Action History Inspection Neurological Testing Removing the Athlete From the Field Appendix A Diagnostic Evidence References Index