PSYCHOLOGY

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Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page About the Author Preface Time Management: Or, How to Be a Great Student and Still Have a Life! Brief Contents CONTENTS PROLOGUE The Story of Psychology What Is Psychology? Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science Is Born Psychological Science Develops Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Biggest Question Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychology’s Subfields CLOSE-UP: Improve Your Retention—and Your Grades CHAPTER 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science The Need for Psychological Science Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias Overconfidence Perceiving Order in Random Events The Scientific Attitude: Curious, Skeptical, and Humble Critical Thinking How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? The Scientific Method Description Correlation Experimentation Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life Describing Data Significant Differences Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology CHAPTER 2 The Biology of Mind Biology, Behavior, and Mind Neural Communication Neurons How Neurons Communicate How Neurotransmitters Influence Us The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The Central Nervous System The Endocrine System The Brain The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined Older Brain Structures The Cerebral Cortex Our Divided Brain Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain CLOSE-UP: Handedness CHAPTER 3 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind Brain States and Consciousness Defining Consciousness The Biology of Consciousness Selective Attention Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Theories Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders CLOSE-UP: Sleep and Athletic Performance Dreams Hypnosis Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Explaining the Hypnotized State Drugs and Consciousness Tolerance, Dependence and Addiction THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Addiction Types of Psychoactive Drugs Influences on Drug Use CHAPTER 4 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Genes: Our Codes for Life Twin and Adoption Studies Temperament and Heredity The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics Heritability Gene-Environment Interaction Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature Natural Selection and Adaptation Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Evolutionary Perspective on Human Sexuality How Does Experience Influence Development? Experience and Brain Development How Much Credit or Blame Do Parents Deserve? Peer Influence Cultural Influences Variation Across Cultures Variation Over Time Culture and the Self Culture and Child Rearing Developmental Similarities Across Groups Gender Development Gender Similarities and Differences The Nature of Gender: Our Biology The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture Reflections on Nature and Nurture CHAPTER 5 Developing Through the Life Span Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues Prenatal Development and the Newborn Conception Prenatal Development The Competent Newborn Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development CLOSE-UP: Autism and “Mind-Blindness” Social Development Adolescence Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Emerging Adulthood Reflections on Continuity and Stages Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Reflections on Stability and Change CHAPTER 6 Sensation and Perception Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception Transduction Thresholds THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Can Subliminal Messages Control Our Behavior? Sensory Adaptation Perceptual Set Context Effects Emotion and Motivation Vision The Stimulus Input: Light Energy The Eye Visual Information Processing Color Vision Visual Organization Visual Interpretation Hearing The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves The Ear The Other Senses Touch Pain Taste Smell Body Position and Movement THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ESP—Perception Without Sensation? CHAPTER 7 Learning How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments Pavlov’s Legacy Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Experiments Skinner’s Legacy CLOSE-UP: Training Our Partners Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Biology, Cognition, and Learning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Learning by Observation Mirrors in the Brain Applications of Observational Learning THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Does Viewing Media Violence Trigger Violent Behavior? CHAPTER 8 Memory Studying Memory Memory Models Building Memories Encoding and Automatic Processing Encoding and Effortful Processing Memory Storage Retaining Information in the Brain The Amygdala, Emotions, and Memory Synaptic Changes Retrieval: Getting Information Out Measures of Retention Retrieval Cues Forgetting Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind Encoding Failure Storage Decay Retrieval Failure CLOSE-UP: Retrieving Passwords Memory Construction Errors Misinformation and Imagination Effects Source Amnesia Discerning True and False Memories Children’s Eyewitness Recall Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse? Improving Memory CHAPTER 9 Thinking and Language Thinking Concepts Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Fear Factor—Why We Fear the Wrong Things Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills? Language Language Structure Language Development CLOSE-UP: Living in a Silent World The Brain and Language Do Other Species Have Language? Thinking and Language Language Influences Thinking Thinking in Images CHAPTER 10 Intelligence What Is Intelligence? Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Intelligence and Creativity Emotional Intelligence Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Assessing Intelligence The Origins of Intelligence Testing Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Principles of Test Construction The Dynamics of Intelligence Stability or Change? Extremes of Intelligence Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence Twin and Adoption Studies Environmental Influences Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores The Question of Bias CHAPTER 11 Motivation and Work Motivational Concepts Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Drives and Incentives Optimum Arousal A Hierarchy of Motives Hunger The Physiology of Hunger The Psychology of Hunger Obesity and Weight Control CLOSE-UP: Waist Management Sexual Motivation The Physiology of Sex The Psychology of Sex Adolescent Sexuality CLOSE-UP: The Sexualization of Girls Sexual Orientation Sex and Human Values The Need to Belong Aiding Survival Wanting to Belong Sustaining Relationships The Pain of Ostracism Social Networking Motivation at Work CLOSE-UP: I/O Psychology at Work Personnel Psychology CLOSE-UP: Discovering Your Strengths Organizational Psychology: Motivating Achievement CLOSE-UP: Doing Well While Doing Good—“The Great Experiment” The Human Factor CHAPTER 12 Emotions, Stress, and Health Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer Cognition May Not Precede Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System The Physiology of Emotions Expressed Emotion Detecting Emotion in Others THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Culture and Emotional Expression The Effects of Facial Expressions Experienced Emotion Anger Happiness CLOSE-UP: Want to Be Happier? Stress and Health Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress and Illness Promoting Health Coping With Stress CLOSE-UP: Pets Are Friends, Too Reducing Stress THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Complementary and Alternative Medicine CHAPTER 13 Personality Psychodynamic Theories Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists Assessing Unconscious Processes Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective Assessing the Self Evaluating Humanistic Theories Trait Theories Exploring Traits Assessing Traits THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: How to Be a “Successful” Astrologer or Palm Reader The Big Five Factors Evaluating Trait Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Reciprocal Influences Personal Control CLOSE-UP: Toward a More Positive Psychology Assessing Behavior in Situations Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories Exploring the Self The Benefits of Self-Esteem Self-Serving Bias CHAPTER 14 Social Psychology Social Thinking The Fundamental Attribution Error Attitudes and Actions Social Influence Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Obedience: Following Orders Group Behavior Social Relations Prejudice CLOSE-UP: Automatic Prejudice Aggression Attraction CLOSE-UP: Online Matchmaking and Speed Dating Altruism Conflict and Peacemaking CHAPTER 15 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Genuine Disorder? Understanding Psychological Disorders Classifying Psychological Disorders Labeling Psychological Disorders THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Insanity and Responsibility Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Understanding Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Understanding Mood Disorders CLOSE-UP: Suicide and Self-Injury Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Onset and Development of Schizophrenia Understanding Schizophrenia Other Disorders Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders Personality Disorders Rates of Psychological Disorders CHAPTER 16 Therapy Treating Psychological Disorders The Psychological Therapies Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy Humanistic Therapies Behavior Therapies Cognitive Therapies Group and Family Therapies Evaluating Psychotherapies Is Psychotherapy Effective? THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: “Regressing” From Unusual to Usual The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies Evaluating Alternative Therapies Commonalities Among Psychotherapies Culture, Gender, and Values in Psychotherapy CLOSE-UP: A Consumer’s Guide to Psychotherapists The Biomedical Therapies Drug Therapies Brain Stimulation Psychosurgery Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Preventing Psychological Disorders APPENDIX A: Subfields of Psychology APPENDIX B: Complete Chapter Reviews p ch01 ch02 ch03 ch04 ch05 ch06 ch07 ch08 ch09 ch10 ch11 ch12 ch13 ch14 ch15 ch16 Glossary A B-C D-E F G-H I J-K-L-M N-O P R S T U-V-W-X-Y-Z References Name Index Subject INDEX A B-C D E F-G-H I J-K-L M-N O-P Q-R S T U-V-W-X-Y-Z