Routledge handbook of Afro-Latin American studies /

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"This Handbook provides a comprehensive roadmap to the burgeoning area of Afro-Latin American Studies. Afro-Latins include the civilization phenomenon of the African diaspora in the Americas, which developed during the period of slavery, obtaining cultural contributions from indigenous and European worlds and which today is enriched by new social configurations derived from contemporary migrations from Africa. The essays collected in this volume speak to scientific production that has been promoted in the region from the humanities and social sciences with the aim of understanding the phenomenon of the African Diaspora as a specific civilizing element. With contributions from world-leading figures in their fields overseen by an eminent international editorial board, this Handbook features original, authoritative articles organized in four coherent sections: Disciplinary Studies; Problem Focused fields; Regional and Country Approaches; Pioneers of Afro-Latin American Studies; The Routledge Handbook of Afro-Latin American Studies will not only serve as the major reference text in the area of Afro-Latin American Studies but will also provide the agenda for future new research"-- Cover Endorsement Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Figures Tables Maps Contributors Preface Introduction Acknowledgments and Limits Brief Overview of Afro-American Studies in the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean The Beginning of Afro-Descendant Studies in the Region Brazil Afro-Latin American Studies and Identity Politics Toward a New Field of Study: The Decolonization of Afro-Latin American Studies Notes References Part I Disciplinary Studies 1 A Short History of Afro-Latin American Studies, 1890–2020 Precursors (1890–1930) Rehabilitating African Culture (1920–1960) Racial Democracy (1940–1970) A Field Begins to Form (1970–1990) Thirty Years of Afro-Latin American Studies (1990–2020) New Countries New Data New Voices Notes 2 The Sociocultural Anthropology of Afro-Latin America: A Brief Illustrative History An Approach to and From the History of Anthropology A Prehistory The Beginnings of Anthropology: Social Evolutionism Culturalism Post-War Institution-Building and Research Projects Historicities and Interpretations Creolization Postmodernism to Post-Postmodernism Notes Bibliography 3 A Global Overview of Sociological Studies On Afro-Descendants Black Studies Black Feminism Black Studies in the UK Black Studies in Latin America Bibliography 4 Afro-Latin American Linguistics From African Nationalities to American Demonyms Introduction Bibliography 5 African Diaspora Archaeology in Latin America: Advances and Future Debates African Diaspora Enslaved Communities and Plantations African Markers and Diasporic Identities Bioethics and Cemeteries The Heritage of Maroon Sites Discussion Notes 6 Logbook to Describe the Routes of Afro-Latin American Literature 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 4 4.1 4.2 5 6 7 Notes References 7 Economic Inequalities in Life Opportunities for Afro-Descendants in Latin America: A Literary Review Introduction Studies of Socioeconomic Inequalities Development and Ethno-Racial Inequalities Inequality of Opportunities Social Mobility Socioeconomic Status Achievement Discussion Notes Bibliography 8 “Afro-Latin American Legal Studies” The Development of Ethno-Racial Legislation Multicultural Reforms Affirmative Action Conclusion References 9 “Afro-Latin American Politics” Introduction Racism and Racial Inequality Activism and Social Movements Representation and Elected Office Laws and Public Policies Conclusion Bibliography 10 Afro-Latin American Geography Introduction Key Concepts: Geography of Terror, Innovations, and Mobility New Openings: Black Geographies And/or Geographies of Blackness Notes References 11 The Difficult Decolonization of the Latin American Psyche Introduction The Forceps Liberation Final Reflections Bibliography Part II Thematic Fields of Study 12 Studies On Slavery Bibliography 13 Studies On Racialized Relations Introduction Demographic Context The Colonial Context A New Nation in Construction After Racial Democracy? Conclusion Notes References 14 Studies On Racial Classification in Latin America Historical Background National Censuses of Race Self-Identification as the Standard for Racial Censuses Mixed Race, Black and Other Categories Criteria for Race: Appearance and Color Money Whitens Implications of Self-Identification for Measuring Black Disadvantage Gender and Racial Identification Black Movement Influence Racial Classification and Quotas Ancestry and Genetics Note References 15 Nations, Castes, Qualities, and Races in Latin American Viceregal Societies: Ambiguities in the Denomination of Afro-Descendant Populations Introduction Africans and Afro-Descendants as Assistants of the Conquistadors Slavery: Justification and Denominations Nations, Qualities, and Castes The Emergence of Race as a “Scientific” Category: The Myth of the Caste Society Final Reflections References 16 From Cordial to Structural Racism 1 Miscegenation, Formation of National Identities, and Invisibilized Racism 2 Constitutional Reforms and the Durban Conference: The Official Recognition of Racism 3 Decolonial, Intersectional, and Structural Racism Final Considerations Bibliography 17 Studies On the Black Atlantic and the Black Pacific Introduction The Black Atlantic and the Black Pacific Entangled Histories of Inequality: An Empirical Illustration Conclusions Note References 18 “Afro-Descendant Territorialities in Latin America”: Assertions, Processes, and Dilemmas 1 Assertions 2 Processes Historical Black Territorialities Contemporary Collective Titling as Geo-Graphing 3 Dilemmas Notes Bibliography 19 The Negritude Movement in Latin America Presentation Conceptual Approximation to the Negritud Movement Mobilizations of Negritud in Latin America Conclusions Notes References 20 Human Rights in Afro-Latin America Traditional International Human Rights The International Bill of Human Rights The International Bill of Human Rights Human Rights Instruments Addressing Racial Discrimination Or Self-Determination Other Human Rights Instruments On the Rights of Ethnic Or Indigenous Peoples The Inter-American System and Regional Human Rights Instruments On Racial Discrimination and Racism Third World Approach to International Law (TWAIL) Human Rights Crisis in Latin America From the 1970s to the 1990s The Transition to Civilian Rule, the Maturing Afro-Civil Society, and the Rise of Transnational Networks Conclusion Bibliography 21 Afrodescendants, Multiculturalism, and the Adoption of Ethnoracial Law in Latin America The Latin American “Multicultural Turn” The New Latin American Constitutionalism Afrodescendants and Indigenous Peoples in Latin American Societies The Emergence of Ethnoracial Law Notes Bibliography 22 Studies On Democracy and Afro-Descendant Political Participation in Latin America Bibliography 23 Black Feminisms in Latin America and the Caribbean: Contributions to the State of the Art Introduction Brief Reflections On Black Feminism in the United States Black Feminist Studies and Activisms in Latin America Black Feminisms: A Growing Academic Field in Latin America Pioneers and New Voices of Latin American and Caribbean Black Feminisms In the Way of a Conclusion Notes References 24 Patterns of Urban Racial Residential Segregation in Latin America, the Cases of Brazil and Colombia: A Quantitative Overview Introduction A Brief Look at Residential Racial Segregation Studies and the Cases of Brazil and Colombia Some Indicators of Racial Residential Segregation of Brazilian and Colombian Cities Compared With US Cities Some Common Sociological Findings Between Brazil and Colombia An Example of Spatial Relations of Residential Racial Segregation for Two Colombian Cities (Cali and Cartagena) Conclusions Notes Bibliography 25 Afro-Latin American Music in Perspective: Studies and Narratives From and Toward the Territory Prior Considerations In Perspective In the Territory South America Central America The Antilles By Way of Conclusion Note References 26 The Rise of Afrodiasporic Meta-Genres and Global Afro-Latinx Music Introduction The Afro-Latinx Meta-Genres Contradanza Bolero Calypso Salsa Music Zouk Reggaeton The Global Afro-Latinx Musics Bibliography 27 African Inspired Religions in Latin America Introduction Syncretism Modernity, Its Agents and Divisions Everyday Practices of Afro-Latin American Religions Final Remarks Bibliography 28 Challenges for Public Policies and Inclusion of Afro-Latin Americans Public Policies and Agenda Setting Latin American Policy Process of Recognition of Afro-Descendants Continuing Challenges and New Opportunities Bibliography 29 Marronage in the Great Caribbean 1 Historiographical Texts 2 Philosophical Texts Notes References 30 Black Marxists Or Black Marxisms?: A Decolonial Gaze Epistemic Racism and Epistemic Extractivism The Epistemological Character of Black Marxisms Civilization And/or Capitalism Final Comments Notes References 31 Studies On Demographics and Social Indicators: Afrodescendants in Latin America and Their Sociodemographic Realities Introduction Peoples of African Descent: How Many? Not Sure! Main Sociodemographic Conditions: Gender as a Transversal Issue Educational Attainment Labor Market Health Disparities and Outcomes Concluding Remarks Notes References 32 Post-Abolition Black Migrations: New Approaches to the Movement of Afro-Descendants From Colonial Times to the Present The Colonial Background Internal and Transnational Migrations Transnational Migrations Afro-Latin Americans in the United States “Back to Africa” The Cold War and Beyond New Black Migrations and Other Possible Trends Notes Part III Regional Or Country Study Approaches 33 Afro-Brazilian Studies From a Black Perspective Black Brazilian Social Thought Black Social Thought On Freedom Repositioning Studies On Race Relations and Black Citizenship New Struggles and Frameworks: Violence, Memory, Redemocratization, Feminism Afro-Brazilian Political Protagonism and Afro-Brazilian Studies References 34 Perspectives Denied: Afro-Descendant Studies in Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay Notes References 35 A Historical, Socio-Political, and Discourse Approach to the Emerging Field of Afroperuvian Studies Introduction Historical Context Early Intellectual Perspectives On Peruvian Blackness Racial Projects and Nation Building Discourses On Mestizaje and Peruvian Racial Classification Stereotypes and Social Relations Racism in Peru A Change in the Narratives Narratives About Afroperuvians Sports Conclusions Note References 36 Afro-Ecuadorian Studies Introduction Racial Prejudice and Denial of Afro-Ecuadorians in the Construction of National Identity By the First National Intellectuals The (Few) Social Studies On the Afro-Descendant Phenomenon in Ecuador (1950–1990) Studies On the Black Movement in Ecuador Conclusions: Current Trends in Afro-Descendant Studies Notes Bibliography 37 Afro-Bolivian Past(s) and Present(s) in Scholarship Presencing in the Past: Visibility in History and the Writing of History Presencing in the Present: Documenting Memory, Community, and Cultural Expression Presencing in Future Scholarship Notes Bibliography 38 Afro-Colombian Studies: From the Liberal Reforms of the 1940s to the COVID-19 Era in the 2020s Introduction The Making of the Field in a Nutshell The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact On Afro-Colombians Bibliography 39 Afro-Panamanian Studies Note Bibliography 40 Overcoming Invisibility: Afro-Descendants in Central America The Challenges of History … and of Historians And Today’s Afro-Descendants? The Garifuna: A Case Apart Some Final Considerations Notes Bibliography 41 From Miscegenation Policies to Constitutional Recognition: A State of the Art in Afro-Mexican Studies From “Mestizaje” and the “Black Problem” to the International Struggle Against Racism From Multiculturalist Policies in the 1990s to Constitutional Recognition in 2019 By Way of Conclusion Notes References 42 In Defense of Black Life: A Brief Cultural History of Anti-Racist Efforts in Puerto Rico 1 Abolitionism 2 20th Century 3 Early 21st Century References 43 Culture, Race, and Nation in Afro-Cuban Studies: Trajectories and Challenges of an Open Field of Study Afro-Cuban Studies in Context Fernando Ortiz and Afro-Cuban Studies: Between “Afro-Cuban Folklore” and the “Deceit of Races” in the First Half of the Twentieth Century The Cuban Revolution and Africanity: Changes and Continuities in Afro-Cuban Studies (1960–1980) Disciplinary Renewals and Institutional Openings in the 1990s Projections and Challenges of Contemporary Studies (2000–2015) Final Reflections: Observations After Harvard Notes Bibliography 44 Haitian Studies Rising Introduction and Historical Overview The Rise of Haitian Studies, Key Moments, and Concerns Kreyòl Development African-based Spiritual Traditions: Haitian Vodou Haitian Studies: New Directions and Areas of Growth Note Bibliography 45 Afro French Antillean Studies Introduction Historical Studies Arts, Culture, and Literary Studies Contemporary Politics Conclusion Notes References 46 An Introduction to Afro-Dominican Studies The Birth of Afro-Dominican Studies The Growth of Afro-Dominican Studies The Future of Afro-Dominican Studies Notes Bibliography 47 Afro-Venezuelan Studies in Two Times: Four Versions of One Reality Juan Pablo Sojo Jr.: The Pioneer Acosta Saignes: The Social Scientist Angelina Pollak-Eltz: The Researcher Michaelle Ascencio: The Professor Jesús “Chucho” García Bibliography Part IV Pioneers Or Classics of Afro-Latin American Studies 48 Melville J. Herskovits Early Life Encountering Boasian Culturalism Producing and Consolidating a Paradigm Legacy Notes 49 Pioneers and Continuing Contributors of Afro-Cuban Studies Introduction 1 Fernando Ortiz 2 Lydia Cabrera 3 Rómulo Lachatañeré 4 Pedro Arango and Nicolás Angarica 5 Gustavo E. Urrutia (1881–1958) 6 Conclusion Bibliography 50 Lélia Gonzalez, an Intellectual Afro-Latin American Lélia Gonzalez’s Thought The Legacy of Lélia Gonzalez Bibliography 51 José Carlos Luciano Huapaya (1956–2002) Note Bibliography 52 Aquiles Escalante Polo: Anthropologist and Educator of Afro-Colombian, Black, Maroon, and Indigenous Plurality Aquiles Escalante Polo Examines Denied Plurality in His Writings Note References 53 Rogerio Velásquez Murillo: Pioneer of an Anthropology of Negredumbre Ethnology as a Discipline: Rogerio Velásquez’s Academic Background Note References 54 Jacob Gorender and Studies On Slavery in Brazil Colonial Slavery The Enslaved Worker as a Demiurge The Weapon of Critique Brazilian Bourgeoisie A Hard Blow Slavery Restored To Be Enslaved in Brazil The Abolitionist Revolution To Conclude the Discussion Notes References 55 Manuel Zapata Olivella: A Wandering Thinker (1920–2004) Bibliography 56 Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, Pioneer in the Study of the Black Population in Mexico Academic Thought and Production International Dialogue and National Problems Conclusion Bibliography 57 Robert Cooper West (1913–2001) Notes 58 Jean Price-Mars: Anti-West Resistance, African Rapprochement as an Approach to Humanism and Haitianness The Life, Class, and Caste of Jean Price-Mars The Career of Jean Price-Mars The Literary Works of Price-Mars The Effects of Jean Price-Mars’s Ideas On Anthropology Price-Mars’s Ideas and Pan-Africanist Movements Price-Mars, Africanism and Humanism References 59 René Depestre 60 Abdias Nascimento Notes Bibliography 61 Race Relations in Brazil: Gilberto Freyre as Their Interpreter Notes Bibliography 62 E. Franklin Frazier Note Bibliography 63 Roger Bastide (1898–1974) in Afro-Brazilian Studies Disputes Over Interpretations of “Black” Matters Notes References 64 Raimundo Nina Rodrigues: The Physician and His Informants, the Scientist and the Specialists Notes Bibliography 65 Edison Carneiro, Between the Scientist and the Native Notes References 66 Manuel Querino Works By Manuel Querino Notes Bibliography 67 Juan García: ‘Worker of the Process’ and Pioneer of Afro-Descendant Studies in Ecuador Origin ‘Collective Well-Being’ ‘To Give Land’ Epistemological Production and Its Impact On Society References 68 Nina S. De Friedemann and the African Shadow Formation The African Shadow The Kuagros The African Experience Bibliography 69 Luz María Martínez Montiel, a Mexican Africanist, Pioneer in Afro-Mexican Studies Biographical Notes That Aroused the Curiosity of a Future Ethnologist and Africanist Academic Training of a Mexican Africanist A Life Devoted to Research On Africans in Mexico and Latin America Bibliography 70 Ruth Landes and the Interstices of a Research Field: Race and Gender Relations in Getúlio Vargas’s Brazil Introduction Research Itineraries Within Ruth Landes’s Work Through Women’s Lenses Some Conclusions Notes Bibliography 71 Racial Prejudice and Stigma of Disease in the Work of Oracy Nogueira Brief Trajectory Studies On Discrimination Disease as a Social Experience The Trilogy of Studies On Racial Prejudice Notes Bibliography 72 Virgínia Leone Bicudo: A Pioneer in Studies On Race Relations in Brazil References 73 Angelina Pollak-Eltz Bibliography 74 Beatriz Nascimento: Intellectual, Activist, and Poet Notes Bibliography Index