Environmental Degradation: Monitoring, Assessment and Treatment Technologies

Description

This book focuses on municipal and industrial water and wastewater treatment technologies. The chapters provide detailed information about wastewaters' occurrence, source, characteristics, toxicity, and conventional and advanced treatment process. In addition, the book presents chapters relating to different monitoring methods adopted for water quality assessment in different water bodies.  This book aims to boost the knowledge of students, researchers, scientists, professors, engineers and professionals who aspire to work in the field of environmental science, environmental biotechnology, environmental microbiology, civil/environmental engineering, eco-toxicology and other relevant areas of industrial waste management for the safety of the environment. The readers of the book will obtain valuable information related to various environmental problems and their solutions. Preface Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Treatment of Tannery Wastewaters Discharged from Different Chemical Operations using Aluminium Chloride 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Methods 2.2 Physicochemical Parameter Analysis 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Ranking of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Alternatives Using Analytical Network Process Technique 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Identification of Design Options 2.2 ANP Methodology 2.3 Criteria and Sub criteria Selection 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Discussion 3.2 Sensitivity Analysis 4 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Novel Rotating Disc Electrolytic Reactor based on Bipolar Electrochemistry for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Comparison of Static and Non-rotating Electrodes for the Removal of DB124 Dye 3.2 Influence of Current Density 3.3 Influence of Eelectrical Conductivity 3.4 Influence of pH 4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Assessment of Contaminant Reduction in Greywater using Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland for Irrigation 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Spatial and Temporal Variation of Water Quality Index 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 About the Lake 2.2 WQI Calculation Water quality rating (qx) Unit Weight (Wx) 2.3 Minitab-19 2.4 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation 3 Results 3.1 Calculation of WQI of the Lake 3.2 Classification of Lake Water Quality 3.3 Correlation Analysis 3.4 Spatial Variation of WQI 4 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery via Struvite Precipitation from High Strength Industrial Wastewater 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Wastewater Formulation 2.3 Adsorption Experiments 2.4 Struvite Crystallisation 2.5 Analytical Methods 2.6 Characterisation of Precipitated Crystals 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Adsorption Experiments Dose Optimization Time Optimisation pH Optimisation 3.2 Struvite Crystallisation 4 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Sustainable Approach for Insoluble Phosphate Recycling from Wastewater Effluents 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Screening and Isolation of Phosphate Solubilising Microbial Regime 2.2 Growth Studies and Gram Staining using Novel Isolates 2.3 Phosphate Availability through Quantitative Biochemical Estimation 2.4 Artificial Waste Water Study (IPLM) 2.5 Waste water Treatment Studies 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Review on the Evaluation of Various Natural Adsorbents for the Removal and Treatment of Textile Wastewater 1 Introduction 2 Methods used for Removal of Heavy Metals 2.1 Electrodialysis 2.2 Ultrafiltration 3 Ion Exchange 4 Chemical Precipitation 5 Adsorption 5.1 Adsorption Mechanism 5.2 Classification and Modeling of Isotherm 5.3 Modeling of Concave Isotherm 5.4 Types of a Adsorption 5.5 Methods for Adsorption 5.6 Classification of Adsorbents 5.7 Mechanism of Adsorption 5.8 Adsorption on Agricultural Waste 5.9 Adsorption on Industrial Waste Materials 6 Methodology 7 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Employing Multivariate Statistics as a Tool for Developing Water Quality Index (WQI) for the Assessment of Water Quality of Deepor Beel, Assam, India 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methodology 2.1 Study Area and Sampling Strategies 2.2 Indexing Approach 2.3 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of the Water Quality Dataset 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) Test of Water Quality Dataset 3.2 Multivariate Statistics-based Water Quality Index (WQI) 3.3 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 4 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Degradation of Eosin Yellow Dye Solution by using Nanosized Copper Based Heterogenous Fenton-like Catalyst in a Fluidised Bed Reactor 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Products 2.2 Synthesis of the Catalyst 2.3 Charactersation and Analytical Methods 2.4 Experimental Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterisation of Cu-B/CS 3.2 Effect of pH on EY Decolourisation in a Fluidized-bed Fenton-like Process 3.3 Effect of Cu-B/CS on EY Decolourisation in a Fluidised-bed Fenton-like Process 3.4 Effect of H2O2 on Decolourisation Efficiency in Fluidised-bed Fenton-like Process 4 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Efficient Diminution of Cr(VI) from Simulated Water Linking Operation Parameters in Electrocoagulation 1 Introduction 1.1 Mechanism of EC Process Anode Cathode 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Calculation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Change in Current Density 3.2 Effect of Initial pH 3.3 Effect of Cathode Material 3.4 Effect of Anode Material 3.5 Effect of Surface Area of Electrode 3.6 Effect of Bipolar Electrode 3.7 Operational Cost of Cr(VI) Removal 3.8 Cr(VI) Removal Kinetics 3.9 Adsorption Isotherm 4 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Recycling of Dairy Wastewater by Vermifiltration Technique 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Sampling Site 2.2 Preparation of Synthetic Dairy Wastewater (SDW) 2.3 Fabrication of Vermifiltration Bioreactor 2.4 Preparation of Vermibed 2.5 Standardisation of the Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) 2.6 Standardisation of the Vermibed Thickness 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Solar Photocatalysis using N-doped TiO2 for Greywater Treatment: Optimisation of Operational Parameters 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of Photocatalyst 2.3 Photocatalytic Activity Studies 2.4 Analytical Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of SPCR Operating Parameters on Treatment Efficiency 3.2 Effect of pH 3.3 Effect of Oxidant Dosage 3.4 Effect of Catalyst Dosage 4 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Photocatalytic Degradation of Paracetamol using TiO2 Supported on Waste-Recovered Aluminosilcate 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Preparation of TiO2 supported on Aluminosilicate Method 1: (ATiO2-1) Method 2: (ATiO2-2) 2.3 Characterisation of Catalyst 2.4 Performance of ATiO2 2.5 Analytical Techniques 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterisation of the Catalyst 3.2 Absorption Spectra Analysis 3.3 Paracetamol Degradation using Prepared Catalyst 4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Yeast Waste Utilisation for the Treatment of Acidic Metallic Wastewater 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Synthetic AMD 2.2 Substrate Characterisation 2.3 Batch Experiments 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Chapter 16: Fenton’s and Hybrid Oxidation Treatment of 3,5-Dichloroaniline in Water 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Fenton’s Oxidation of 3,5-DCA in Water 2.2 Sono-Fenton’s Oxidation of 3,5-DCA 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Chapter 17: Statistical and GIS Based Approaches for Monitoring and Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Dimoria Block of Kamrup Metropolitan District of Assam, India 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Techniques 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Data Procurement 2.3 Statistical Approach for Data Analysis 2.4 CA 2.5 PCA 2.6 DA 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 CA 3.2 PCA 3.3 DA 4 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Mass Balance Study on Domestic Wastewater Treatment using Constructed Wetlands 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Research Study Location 2.2 Mass Balance Study 2.3 Hydraulic Budget of the Constructed Wetland Unit 2.4 Nutrient Budget 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Hydraulic Budget 3.2 Nutrient Budget 3.3 Nutrient Transformations and Plant Uptake 4 Conclusions 5 Authors Contribution References Chapter 19: Trend of Water Quality of a River Flowing through Densely Populated Area of Assam, India using Water Quality Index (WQI) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Sampling and Study Area 2.2 Field Sampling 2.3 Laboratory Analysis 2.4 Water Quality Index 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 pH, DO, TDS, EC, Alkalinity and Hardness 3.2 Cations and Anions 4 Correlation Matrix 5 WQI References Chapter 20: Application of TOPSIS – A Multi Criteria Decision Making Approach in Surface Water Quality Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Proportioning of Bauxite Residue Phosphogypsum Mix for Optimal pH Neutralisation 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Chapter 22: Spatial Analysis of Ground Water Contamination in Close Vicinity to Solid Waste Landfill Sites using GIS Techniques - A Study of Okhla Landfill Site in Delhi (A Case Study) 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature 2.1 Heavy Metal Pollution at Open Dumpsites 2.2 Need for GIS in Solid Waste Management 2.3 Geographical Information System (GIS) - An efficient and cost effective system 3 Methodology 3.1 Water Quality Assessment 3.2 Spatial Analysis 3.3 Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) 3.4 Data Source 3.5 Site Selection 4 Results 4.1 Spatial Analysis 4.2 Water Quality Analysis 5 Discussion and Conclusion 6 Recommendations References Chapter 23: Characterization of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater and its Toxicity Analysis using Vigna radiata 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Sample Collection 2.2 Physicochemical Analysis of Paper Mill Effluent 2.3 Phytotoxicity Test using V. radiata 2.4 Statistical Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Collection of Wastewater 3.2 Physicochemical Characteristics 3.3 Phytotoxicity Evaluation 4 Conclusion References Index