Chemistry 2e (2019 Edition)

Description

Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition. Senior Contributing Authors Paul Flowers, University of North Carolina at Pembroke Klaus Theopold, University of Delaware Richard Langley, Stephen F. Austin State University William R. Robinson, PhD Contributing Authors Don Frantz, Wilfrid Laurier University Paul Hooker, Westminster College George Kaminski, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Jennifer Look, Mercer University Carol Martinez, Central New Mexico Community College Andrew Eklund, Alfred University Mark Blaser, Shasta College Tom Sorensen, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Allison Soult, University of Kentucky Troy Milliken, Jackson State University Vicki Moravec, Trine University Jason Powell, Ferrum College Emad El-Giar, University of Louisiana at Monroe Simon Bott, University of Houston Don Carpenetti, Craven Community College Chemistry 2e Preface 1. About OpenStax 2. About OpenStax resources 3. About Chemistry 2e 4. Additional resources 5. About the authors Chapter 1. Essential Ideas 1.1. Chemistry in Context* 1.2. Phases and Classification of Matter* 1.3. Physical and Chemical Properties* 1.4. Measurements* 1.5. Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision* 1.6. Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results* Glossary Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 2.1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory* 2.2. Evolution of Atomic Theory* 2.3. Atomic Structure and Symbolism* 2.4. Chemical Formulas* 2.5. The Periodic Table* 2.6. Molecular and Ionic Compounds* 2.7. Chemical Nomenclature* Glossary Chapter 3. Composition of Substances and Solutions 3.1. Formula Mass and the Mole Concept* 3.2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas* 3.3. Molarity* 3.4. Other Units for Solution Concentrations* Glossary Chapter 4. Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 4.1. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations* 4.2. Classifying Chemical Reactions* 4.3. Reaction Stoichiometry* 4.4. Reaction Yields* 4.5. Quantitative Chemical Analysis* Glossary Chapter 5. Thermochemistry 5.1. Energy Basics* 5.2. Calorimetry* 5.3. Enthalpy* Glossary Chapter 6. Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements 6.1. Electromagnetic Energy* 6.2. The Bohr Model* 6.3. Development of Quantum Theory* 6.4. Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)* 6.5. Periodic Variations in Element Properties* Glossary Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry 7.1. Ionic Bonding* 7.2. Covalent Bonding* 7.3. Lewis Symbols and Structures* 7.4. Formal Charges and Resonance* 7.5. Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds* 7.6. Molecular Structure and Polarity* Glossary Chapter 8. Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding 8.1. Valence Bond Theory* 8.2. Hybrid Atomic Orbitals* 8.3. Multiple Bonds* 8.4. Molecular Orbital Theory* Glossary Chapter 9. Gases 9.1. Gas Pressure* 9.2. Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law* 9.3. Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions* 9.4. Effusion and Diffusion of Gases* 9.5. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory* 9.6. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior* Glossary Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids 10.1. Intermolecular Forces* 10.2. Properties of Liquids* 10.3. Phase Transitions* 10.4. Phase Diagrams* 10.5. The Solid State of Matter* 10.6. Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids* Glossary Chapter 11. Solutions and Colloids 11.1. The Dissolution Process* 11.2. Electrolytes* 11.3. Solubility* 11.4. Colligative Properties* 11.5. Colloids* Glossary Chapter 12. Kinetics 12.1. Chemical Reaction Rates* 12.2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates* 12.3. Rate Laws* 12.4. Integrated Rate Laws* 12.5. Collision Theory* 12.6. Reaction Mechanisms* 12.7. Catalysis* Glossary Chapter 13. Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts 13.1. Chemical Equilibria* 13.2. Equilibrium Constants* 13.3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle* 13.4. Equilibrium Calculations* Glossary Chapter 14. Acid-Base Equilibria 14.1. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases* 14.2. pH and pOH* 14.3. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases* 14.4. Hydrolysis of Salts* 14.5. Polyprotic Acids* 14.6. Buffers* 14.7. Acid-Base Titrations* Glossary Chapter 15. Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes 15.1. Precipitation and Dissolution* 15.2. Lewis Acids and Bases* 15.3. Coupled Equilibria* Glossary Chapter 16. Thermodynamics 16.1. Spontaneity* 16.2. Entropy* 16.3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics* 16.4. Free Energy* Glossary Chapter 17. Electrochemistry 17.1. Review of Redox Chemistry* 17.2. Galvanic Cells* 17.3. Electrode and Cell Potentials* 17.4. Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium* 17.5. Batteries and Fuel Cells* 17.6. Corrosion* 17.7. Electrolysis* Glossary Chapter 18. Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals 18.1. Periodicity* 18.2. Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals* 18.3. Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids* 18.4. Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals* 18.5. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen* 18.6. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates* 18.7. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen* 18.8. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus* 18.9. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen* 18.10. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur* 18.11. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens* 18.12. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases* Glossary Chapter 19. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry 19.1. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds* 19.2. Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals* 19.3. Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds* Glossary Chapter 20. Organic Chemistry 20.1. Hydrocarbons* 20.2. Alcohols and Ethers* 20.3. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters* 20.4. Amines and Amides* Glossary Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry 21.1. Nuclear Structure and Stability* 21.2. Nuclear Equations* 21.3. Radioactive Decay* 21.4. Transmutation and Nuclear Energy* 21.5. Uses of Radioisotopes* 21.6. Biological Effects of Radiation* Glossary Appendix A. The Periodic Table* Appendix B. Essential Mathematics* B.1. Exponential Arithmetic B.2. Significant Figures B.3. The Use of Logarithms and Exponential Numbers B.4. The Solution of Quadratic Equations B.5. Two-Dimensional (x-y) Graphing Appendix C. Units and Conversion Factors* Appendix D. Fundamental Physical Constants* Appendix E. Water Properties* Appendix F. Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases* Appendix G. Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances* Appendix H. Ionization Constants of Weak Acids* Appendix I. Ionization Constants of Weak Bases* Appendix J. Solubility Products* Appendix K. Formation Constants for Complex Ions* Appendix L. Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials* Appendix M. Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes* Solutions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Index Blank Page