Integrated Nano-Biomechanics

Description

Integrated Nano-Biomechanics provides an integrated look into the rapidly evolving field of nanobiomechanics. The book demystifies the processes in living organisms at the micro- and nano-scale through mechanics, using theoretical, computational and experimental means. The book develops the concept of integrating different technologies along the hierarchical structure of biological systems and clarifies biomechanical interactions among different levels for the analysis of multi-scale pathophysiological phenomena. With a focus on nano-scale processes and biomedical applications, it is shown how knowledge obtained can be utilized in a range of areas, including diagnosis and treatment of various human diseases and alternative energy production. This book is based on collaboration of researchers from a unique combination of fields, including biomechanics, computational mechanics, GPU application, electron microscopy, biology of motile micro-organisms, entomological mechanics and clinical medicine. The book will be of great interest to scientists and researchers involved in disciplines, such as micro- and nano-engineering, bionanotechnology, biomedical engineering, micro- and nano-scale fluid-mechanics (such as in MEMS devices), nanomedicine and microbiology, as well as industries such as optical devices, computer simulation, plant based energy sources and clinical diagnosis of the gastric diseases. Provides knowledge of integrated biomechanics, focusing on nano-scale, in this rapidly growing research field Explains how the different technologies can be integrated and applied in a variety of biomedical application fields, as well as for alternative energy sources Uses a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach to provide a comprehensive coverage of nano-biomechanics Cover INTEGRATED NANO-BIOMECHANICS Copyright Contributors Preface 1 Introduction 2 Biomechanics of Microcirculation Behavior of Capsules in Flow Governing Equations and Numerical Method Capsules in an Unbounded Simple Shear Flow Lateral Migration of Capsules in Shear Flow Capsules in an Oscillatory Shear Flow Behavior of Red Blood Cells Mechanical Modeling of RBCs An RBC in Simple Shear Flow; Tumbling-Swinging Transition An RBC Flowing Thorough a Micropore Cell Adhesion in Microvessels Margination in Microvessels Cell Adhesion in Capillaries Malaria Infection Formation and Destruction of the Primary Thrombus Physiology and Pathology of Primary Thrombus in Blood Flow Particle Method Simulation Simulation of Primary Thrombus Formation and Influence of Vessel Geometry Influence of Platelet Glycoprotein Receptors and SIPA Interaction Between Platelets and RBCs on the Primary Thrombus Formation and Mechanical Hemolysis Summary References 3 Biomechanics of the Digestive System Dynamics of Swallowing Videofluoroscopy and Wall Motion CFD Modeling of Swallowing Gastric Motility and Flow in the Stomach Antral Recirculation During Gastric Mixing Reynolds and Strouhal Numbers Terminal Antral Contraction Transport Phenomena of Gut Flora Gut Flora Momentum Transport in the Intestine Mass Transport in the Intestine Bacterial Transport in the Intestine References 4 Biomechanics for Pathology and Treatment Development of Cerebral Aneurysms Anatomically Realistic Artery Model Blood Flow Simulation Gradient Oscillatory Number (GON) Summary Electroporation for Cancer Treatment Electroporation Cell Death Under Electric Fields Cellular Signaling: Caspases Activation and Intracellular Calcium Inhibition of Apoptosis Effect on Cell Growth Under Mild Electric Field Microbubbles for Blood Oxygenation Introduction Properties and Theory of Microbubble Generation of Microbubbles Oxygen Gas-Solubility and the Effect of Solutes Oxygen Supersaturated Fluid Blood Oxygenation Summary References Percutaneous Absorption of Medicine Introduction Drug Administrations for Clinical Medicines Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDD) Enhancement of TDD References 5 Ciliary Motion Structure of a Cilium Cilia and Flagella Cilia on Airway, Brain, and Sperm Cells Motility of Cilia and Flagella Structure of Cilia and Flagella Structure of Respiratory Cilia Conclusion References Motor Proteins of Cilia Axonemal Dynein OAD Mechanism of Dynein Power Stroke Conclusion References Further Reading Computational Modeling of Ciliary Motion Microtubule Doublet and Motor Proteins Computational Model of the Ciliary Axoneme Mathematical Modeling of Ciliary Motions and Metachronal Waves References 6 Swimming Microorganisms Precession of a Bacterial Flagellum Introduction Problem Setting Full Numerical Simulation of Flagellar Precession Theoretical Description of Flagellar Precession Summary References Suspension of Swimming Cells Rheology Diffusion Mesoscale Structure Macroscale Structure References Gravitaxis and Collective Motion of Eukaryotic Microswimmers in Low Reynolds Number Conditions Introduction Gravitaxis ``Passive´´ Mechanisms ``Active´´ Mechanisms Collective Motion: Bioconvection Driving Forces of Bioconvection Pattern Formation and Pattern Transition in Bioconvection of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Gyrotaxis and Other ``Bottom-Heavy-Related´´ Phenomena Concluding Remarks References Further Reading 7 Microfluidic Devices Based on Biomechanics Measurement of Blood Cell Motions Deformation of Blood Cells Deformability Measurements in Hyperbolic Contractions Deformability Measurements in Sudden Contractions Motion of Blood Cells Measured by a Confocal Micro-PTV Concluding Remarks References Further Reading Controlling Cell Free Layer Blood Flow Behavior in Straight Microchannels Fahraeus Effect and Fahraeus-Lindqvist Effect Particles and RBCs in Diluted Suspensions RBCs in Concentrated Suspensions Cell Free Layer Formation Controlling Cell Free Layer Channel Geometry Cell Deformability Fluid Medium Inertial Flow Enhancing Cell Free Layer by Bypass Channels in a Wall Fabrication of the Device Experiment Procedure Results and Discussion Conclusions and Future Directions References Separation of Motile Bacteria Swimming Bacteria Near a Wall Swimming of Bacteria in Shear Flow Microfluidic Device to Separate Motile Bacteria References 8 Biomimetics Design of Fish Fin Introduction Types of Fish Swimming Shapes of Fish Caudal Fin Thrust Generation by Oscillated Fish Fin References Further Reading Virtual Chameleon—The System to Provide the User the Ability to Look Around as Chameleon Do Introduction Setup and Basic Theories of Virtual Chameleon Setup and Basic Theories How Does the User Watch the World With Use of Virtual Chameleon? Fundamental Experiment Condition Using Virtual Chameleon Control Condition Results and Discussions Conclusions References Index A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P R S T U V W Back Cover