The Opioid Crisis - A Reference Handbook

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Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Preface 1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY The Opium Plant: An Introduction The History of Opium to 1800 Egypt and Crete Greece and Rome The Middle Ages and the Muslim World The Far East Laudanum The Opium Wars Morphine and Beyond The Discovery and Commercialization of Morphine Heroin: The Wonder Drug Other Opiates The Criminalization of Opiates Controlled Substances Act of 1970 Semisynthetic and Synthetic Opioids The Brain Chemistry of Opioids Conclusion References 2 PROBLEMS, CONTROVERSIES, AND SOLUTIONS Numbers Tell the Story Mortality and Morbidity Who Uses Opioids? Economic Costs The Innocent Bystanders An Underlying Theme The History of OxyContin A Flood of Opioids Regulating the Use of Opioids Guidelines Reactions to the Guidelines Legislation Federal State Multistate Prevention Education Health Care Workers Schools and Colleges Proper Medication Disposal Enforcement Pill Mill Laws Doctor Shopping Laws Treatment Alternative Forms of Treatment Conclusion References 3 PERSPECTIVES It's Not My Problem, or Is It? Education Fosters Prevention Epidemic in Asheville Confessions of an Opioid User Rationale for Cannabis-Based Interventions in the Opioid Overdose Crisis The U.S. Opioid Crisis—A Personal Perspective Citing History: The Need for Genuine Context I'm High as I Write This Opioid Drugs Provide Pain Relief but with Serious Risks 4 PROFILES Academy of Integrative Pain Management Advocates for Opioid Recovery Alliance for Safe Online Pharmacies American Society of Addiction Medicine Center for Lawful Access and Abuse Deterrence Coalition to Stop Opioid Overdose Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) Drug Enforcement Administration Jack Fishman (1930-2013) Francis Β. Harrison (1873-1957) Heroin Epidemic Relief Organization Felix Hoffmann (1868—1946) Paul Janssen (1926-2003) The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment National Association of State Controlled Substances Authorities National Institute on Drug Abuse Office of National Drug Control Policy Pain Therapy Access Physicians Working Group Candace Pert (1946-2013) President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis Friedrich Sertürner (1783-1841) Solomon H. Snyder (1938-) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) Charles E. Terry (1878-1945) Hamilton Wright (1867-1917) 5 DATA AND DOCUMENTS Data Table 5.1. Misuse of Opioids in Past Year and Past Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Detailed Age Category: Numbers in Thousands and Percentages, 2015 and 2016 Table 5.2. Any Use of Pain Relievers in Past Year and Misuse of Pain Relievers in Past Year and Past Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Detailed Age Category: Numbers in Thousands and Percentages, 2015 and 2016 Table 5.3. Drug-Poisoning Deaths Involving Opioid Analgesics: United States, 1999-2015 Table 5.4. Deaths from Opioid Overdose, 2015 Table 5.5. Death Rates from Heroin and Opioid Analgesic Poisoning, 2000-2015 Table 5.6. Drug Overdose Deaths among Adolescents Aged 15-19, by Type of Opioid Drug Involved in the United States: 1999-2015 (per 100,000) Table 5.7. Opioid Use in Schools Table 5.8. Perceived Availability of Narcotics Other Than Heroin, 1991-2016, Grades 8, 10, and 12 Documents Smoking Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) United States v. Jin Fuey Moy (1916) United States v. Doremus (1919) Webb v. United States (1919) Controlled Substances Act (1970) Children's Health Act of 2000 Opioid Use among Veterans (2013) An Act to Prevent Opiate Abuse by Strengthening the Controlled Substances Prescription Monitoring Program (2016) An Act Concerning Involuntary Commitment to Treatment for Substance Use Disorders (2016) Remarks by President Trump on Combating Drug Demand and the Opioid Crisis (2017) The President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis (2017) 6 RESOURCES Books Articles Reports Internet 7 CHRONOLOGY Glossary Index About the Author