The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics

Description

The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics is an outstanding resource for anyone with an interest in feminist bioethics, with chapters covering topics from justice and power to the climate crisis. Comprising forty-two chapters by emerging and established scholars, the volume is divided into six parts: I Foundations of feminist bioethics II Identity and identifications III Science, technology and research IV Health and social care V Reproduction and making families VI Widening the scope of feminist bioethics The volume is essential reading for anyone with an interest in bioethics or feminist philosophy, and will prove an invaluable resource for scholars, teachers and advanced students Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Acknowledgments List of contributors Introduction What is bioethics and what is feminist bioethics? Bioethics Feminist bioethics Bioethics in a new century Engaging with foundational concepts Engaging with developing technology Engaging with social changes Navigating the Handbook Part I: Foundations of feminist bioethics Part II: Identities and identifications Part III: Science, technology and research Part IV: Health and social care Part V: Reproduction and making families Part VI: Widening the scope of feminist bioethics A transparent account of making the Handbook The pandemic Gaps and omissions The changing face of feminist bioethics References Part I: Foundations of feminist bioethics Chapter 1: Feminist bioethics : Where we’ve come from Introduction Feminist bioethical critique: the early 1990s Feminist bioethical critique: the late 1990s Feminist bioethical theory Care ethics Relational autonomy Feminist epistemology Narrative approaches to bioethics Conclusion Further reading References Chapter 2: “How could anybody think that this is the appropriate way to do bioethics?” Feminist challenges for conceptions of justice in bioethics Context: feminism, “ordinary” justice and bioethics Feminist critiques of conceptions of justice in bioethics Ahistoricism Distributivism Gendered health outcomes How should we conceive of justice in bioethics? Conclusion Notes Further reading References Chapter 3: Feminist epistemology Introduction Situated knowers: three approaches in feminist epistemology Feminist empiricism Feminist standpoint epistemology Postmodern feminist epistemologies Situated knowledge and feminist epistemology: between two poles Feminist epistemology in bioethics and the women’s health movement Knowledge and power Epistemic injustice Critical engagement with Fricker, and other theories of knowledge and power Epistemic injustice and related theories: uptake into feminist bioethics Concluding remarks Further reading References Chapter 4: Power and feminist bioethics Introduction Making social power visible Feminist bioethics and attention to social power Feminist conceptualizations of domination, exploitation and oppression Domination Exploitation Oppression Interrogating the many facets of power Power-over Power-to Power-with Intersections of power The possibility of an anti-racist feminist bioethics The possibility of transnational feminist bioethics Conclusion Notes References Chapter 5: Relational autonomy in feminist bioethics Introduction Relational conceptions of autonomy Informed consent Adaptive preferences Exploitation and vulnerability Conclusion: Is a principle of respect for relational autonomy too demanding? Notes Further reading References Chapter 6: Care and carers: Feminist perspectives Care and care ethics Care ethics in medical, nursing and feminist bioethics Carers Family carers Paid carers Conclusion Further reading References Chapter 7: Vulnerability and feminist bioethics Introduction The beginning of the discussion The ontological versus relational debate The inclusive strategy: two answers to the conceptual problem Rogers, Mackenzie and Dodds’ taxonomy Martin, Tavaglione and Hurst’s dispositional account The relational view revisited Operationalizing vulnerability Revisiting the taxonomical approach Key concepts for identifying and evaluating layers Conclusion Notes Further Reading References Chapter 8: Phenomenology and poststructuralism in feminist bioethics Phenomenology Poststructuralism Phenomenology, poststructuralism and feminist bioethics Concluding remarks Notes Further reading References Chapter 9: Embodiment: Contributions from feminist science and technology studies and feminist phenomenology Bodies in feminist STS Feminist phenomenology of embodiment Bodies and embodiment in the case of COVID-19 in Sweden Beyond the pandemic: the role of embodiment for feminist bioethics Notes References Part II: Identities and identifications Chapter 10: Narrative and identity Introduction Approaches to thinking about identity Action as narratively structured Subjectivity as narrative in form Narrative unity Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 11: Gender: Ongoing debates and future directions Introduction Sex and/or gender – fundamentals Challenging biological determinism: different conceptualizations of gender Challenging a strictly biological outlook on sex: reflecting on social dimensions of sex categorization Beyond the binary: sex and gender variables as a spectrum Gender in bioethics The need for decolonizing debates on gender in feminist bioethics Conclusion Related topics References Chapter 12: Toward a queer feminist bioethics of sexuality Introduction Sexuality in feminist thought Toward a queer feminist framework for bioethics Queer feminist tensions The problems with principlism Contributions of queer bioethics A queer feminist framework for bioethics: a queer feminist approach to vulnerability A queer feminist framework for bioethics: an application to microaggressions A queer feminist framework for bioethics: an application to conscientious objection Conclusion Related topics Notes References Chapter 13: Feminist bioethics and disability Introduction The moral importance of anomalous embodiment Limits to embodiment Care, dependence and relationships Identity and intersectionality Power and authority: epistemic humility It’s not all sweetness and light Future directions Queer/transgender bioethics and disability Decolonizing disability bioethics Final comments Related topics Notes Further reading Disability in general Feminist approaches References Chapter 14: What makes an anti-racist feminist bioethics? Introduction Race Intersectionality Historical patterns of reproductive experimentation and abuse Contemporary racial disparities in health access and outcomes Issues related to incarceration Issues facing trans and non-binary women of color Issues facing migrant and refugee women Environmental racism Reproductive justice as a model for anti-racist feminist bioethics Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 15: Toward an anticolonial feminist bioethics Introduction What does it mean to decolonize? Beyond the medical Beyond the speculative Beyond historical injustices Beyond the individual, the abstract and the universal Beyond the Global North Closing thoughts Related topics Notes References Chapter 16: Thinking with class in feminist bioethics Introduction Class matters: feminists defining and debating class Class analysis and feminist bioethics: an underused concept? Case study 1: women’s alcohol drinking and stress – are women (equally) free to drink as they like? 1 Case study 2: giving “informed consent” to share personal information between social care and health services – where does class come into it? 2 Conclusion Related topics Notes References Chapter 17: The other side of geographies and cultures: New roads to further globalizing feminist bioethics Introduction The need for innovative theoretical and methodological approaches Attending to matters concerning large populations in the Global South: China’s one-child to three-child policies The local specifying the global: valuing Chinese women’s experiences in gendered caregiving for the elderly Transforming global bioethics: female leadership across cultures and nations Conclusion Related topics References Part III: Science, technology and research Chapter 18: Women in research: Historical exclusion, current challenges and future trends Introduction Sex, gender and health Sex and gender bias in health research Reliance on male animal and cell lines in research Exclusion of women from clinical research Failure to conduct sex- and gender-specific analysis Exclusion from product design and testing Current challenges: the legacy of historical exclusion of women from research Pain Cardiovascular disease Case studies Autonomy, agency and deception in women’s health research AI in health research Pregnant women in research Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 19: Gender and science and technology Introduction Who does science? How are science and technology depicted and communicated? Are science and technology practiced in “gendered” ways? So how can we improve science? Related topics Further reading References Chapter 20: Genomic technologies: The need for a feminist approach Introduction Genomic technologies: clinical applications Exploring genomes Modifying genomes Genomic technologies: value-laden and gendered Conclusion Related topics References Chapter 21: Artificial intelligence as a feminist bioethics issue Introduction AI and its promises AI, women’s health and gender Healthcare AI and feminist bioethics Power, feminist bioethics and AI AI and care relationships Feminist AI ethics: future directions Conclusion Related topics References Chapter 22: Feminist bioethics and empirical research What is feminist empirical bioethics? Perspectives Practices Communities of practice Feminist empirical bioethics: examples of practice Investigating gender bias in surgery Investigating vulnerability in health research in low-resource settings The future of feminist empirical bioethics Related topics Notes Further reading References Part IV: Health and social care Chapter 23: Connecting philosophy of medicine with feminist bioethics: Health, illness and disease Philosophical approaches to health and illness Naturalist theories: beginning with disease Normativism: beginning with health Phenomenology: beginning with illness Connecting philosophy of medicine with feminist bioethics Sickness Epistemic injustice Medicalization Revisiting health and illness Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 24: Toward a new model of aging: Feminist and critical disability contributions The medical model of aging Is aging a disease? Living longer or the duty to die? Aging and resource allocation Toward a new model of aging AGNES The social model of disability and aging The political-relational model of aging Conclusion Related topics Further reading References Chapter 25: Power and microaggressions in healthcare Structural operations of power in healthcare Power and microaggressions in healthcare Epistemic microaggressions Emotional microaggression Marginalization-based self-identity microaggressions Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 26: Ethics, care and dependence in a global pandemic Introduction Historical background: care ethics Care ethics and bioethics Care in the time of pandemic Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 27: Staying with the trouble: Ongoing contributions of feminist research to person-centeredness in healthcare Introduction Person-centered care: emergence and evolution Feminist contributions to person-centered care to date A relational conception of autonomy Some ongoing challenges for person-centered care: liminal cases The person in/after illness: experiencing altered and multiple “selves” Fluidity and experimentation in personhood The trouble with the “person”: contributions from feminist posthumanist ethics Key concepts in feminist posthumanist ethics Relevance of feminist posthumanist ethics for person-centered care: staying with the “trouble” of the person Conclusion: a person-centered care that navigates the inherent dynamism of person Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 28: Feminist mental health ethics Key themes in feminist mental health ethics Sources for understanding mental disorders Classification of mental disorders Effects of diagnosis How oppression shapes mental health Feminist perspectives on interventions Mental health and stigma Feminist perspectives on mental health research Future directions – feminist ethics of fear Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 29: Feminist bioethics perspectives on neurobiological approaches to addiction and chronic pain Introduction The rise of brain disease models in addiction and chronic pain Models of addiction The brain model of addiction The brain disease model of addiction Models of chronic pain Brain disease model of chronic pain Feminist responses to the brain disease models of addiction and chronic pain The rhetorical power of disease framings Contested brains, kinds of people and the stigma of addiction and chronic pain Translating value: subjective versus objective bifurcations and testimonial injustice Models of disease, understandings of life and exclusionary practices Are feminist critiques of the brain disease model anti-biological? Concluding thoughts Related topics Notes References Chapter 30: Gender inequities in organ donation and transplantation: A feminist bioethics analysis Introduction Gendered patterns in donation and transplantation Organ donation Diagnosis and waitlisting for transplantation Receiving an organ Transplantation outcomes Feminist analyses of organ donation and transplantation Gift, sacrifice and justice Embodiment Care and dependency Women in research Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 31: The value of a feminist approach in the ethics of end-of-life care Introduction Feminist contributions to ethical analysis Illustrations of contributions to ethical analysis Advance care planning and advance directives Withholding and withdrawal of potentially life-sustaining interventions Palliative care Palliative sedation Medical assistance in dying Conclusion Related topics References Part V: Reproduction and making families Chapter 32: The right to reproduce Discriminatory anti-natalism The nature of the right and violations of it Problematic forms of the right Better forms of the right Conclusion Related topics Notes References Chapter 33: Women, assisted reproduction and the “natural” Introduction The “natural” – possible senses in play The start of IVF Selection against a serious genetic condition: PND and PGT-M The arrival of MRTs: avoiding maternally inherited mitochondrial disease Reproductive health and the “natural”: international policy, and the European Court of Human Rights Conclusions Related topics Notes References Chapter 34: The surveillance of pregnant bodies in the age of digital health: Ethical dilemmas Introduction Pregnancy and digital health Feminist bioethics and digital health The quality of information The “responsibilization” of risk The collection and use of data from digital health resources in pregnancy Discussion Related topics Notes References Chapter 35: Exploitation and control of women’s reproductive bodies Introduction Controlling female reproductive bodies Exploiting the miraculous egg: therapeutic cloning Controlling the pregnant body: epigenetics Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 36: Feminist approaches to family making Introduction What is family? Families matter Intermezzo A family-centered perspective in bioethics Families and justice Family autonomy Conclusion Related topics References Part VI: Widening the scope of feminist bioethics Chapter 37: Women and the alt-right movement Introduction Misogyny Women of the alt-right Feminist redemption? Implications for feminist bioethics Related topics Further reading References Chapter 38: Labor migration, vulnerability and human trafficking: A feminist bioethical analysis Organization of the chapter The link between current migration regimes and human trafficking The reality of trafficking for women migrant workers The link between human trafficking and women’s vulnerability Recommendations for feminist bioethics Conclusion Related topics References Chapter 39: Our (bio)ethical relations with nonhuman animals Introduction Women and animals The state of play in animal ethics Feminist critiques Positive contributions of feminist theory The state of play in animal research ethics Feminist critiques of animal research ethics Future contributions Conclusion Related topics Notes Further reading References Chapter 40: Feminist contributions to climate change research, policy and ethics Introduction Gender in international negotiations and early research Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: from technocratic to transformational approaches Mitigation, green economies and populationist discourses and practices Conclusions Related topics Notes References Chapter 41: Feminist global food ethics Why global food ethics? Feminist global food ethics: motivations Key feminist contributions: conceptual critique and its limits Key feminist contributions: ontologies, agents and responsibility Conclusion Related topics Notes References Chapter 42: Gender, health and public policy Introduction What is health policy? Procedural justice and fair process Limitations of procedural ethics Bioethics and health policy Feminist bioethics and health policy Context Inclusivity and engagement – “nothing about us without us” Power Structural injustice in policy Who counts, what counts? Epistemic injustice and the evidence base Global health policy The role of consensus and dissent In summary Related topics References Index