Biomaterials-Based Sensors: Recent Advances and Applications

Description

With the recent technological advancement usage of unique nanomaterials and bio-based composite materials as sensors has been greatly improved. Biopolymers and bio-based composite materials have especially been exploited due to their unique physical, optical, electrochemical, and biocompatible properties.  In this book, experts and researchers in various sensor technology areas discuss the basics of biosensors, the methods used to synthesize different biomaterials, and the characterization and functionalization of these biomaterials. Processes for the self-assembly of biomaterials and the fabrication of biomaterials onto transducers are clearly explained. It also outlines the current status in the field and the utility of such bio-based sensors for medical diagnostics, food safety, industrial, and environmental monitoring. Besides pressure and temperature sensing applications, other applications include detecting gases, chemicals, biomolecules, body fluids, bacteria, and viruses. The book is well illustrated, and the presentation is concise and systematic throughout. Biomaterials-Based Sensors will be an ideal source of up-to-date information for all engaged in their research, design, and use. Foreword Preface Contents About the Editors Part I: Introduction Biomaterials and Biopolymers for the Development of Biosensors 1 Introduction 2 Biomaterials 2.1 Definition and Features 2.2 Classification 2.3 Biomaterial Synthesis Methods 2.3.1 Biomaterials Based on Covalent Bonds 2.3.2 Self-Assembled Biomaterials 2.4 Application: Biomaterials-Based Biosensors 3 Biopolymers as Biomaterials 3.1 The Special Case of Polysaccharides 3.2 Biopolymer-Based Biosensors 3.2.1 Cellulose as Supporting Material for Biosensing 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Part II: Development of Nanomaterials and Biocomposites as Sensors Nanobiohybrid Materials for Development of Biosensors 1 Introduction 2 Biomaterials for Nanobiohybrid Materials 2.1 Enzyme 2.2 Antibody 2.3 Nucleic Acids 3 Nanomaterials for Nanobiohybrid Materials 3.1 Metal Nanomaterials 3.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 3.3 TMD Nanomaterials 3.4 Other Functional Nanomaterials 4 Nanobiohybrid Materials 4.1 Enzyme-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 4.2 Antibody-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 4.3 Nucleic Acid-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 5 Electrochemical/Fluorescent/SERS Biosensors Using Enzyme-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 5.1 Electrochemical Biosensors Using Enzyme-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 5.2 Fluorescent Biosensors Using Enzyme-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 5.3 SERS-Based Biosensors Using Enzyme-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 5.4 Flexible Biosensors Using Enzyme-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 6 Electrochemical/Fluorescent/SERS Biosensors Using Antibody-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 6.1 Electrochemical Biosensors Using Antibody-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 6.2 Fluorescent Biosensors Using Antibody-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 6.3 SERS-Based Biosensors Using Antibody-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 7 Electrochemical/Fluorescent/SERS Biosensors Using Nucleic Acid-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 7.1 Electrochemical Biosensors Using Nucleic Acid-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 7.2 Fluorescent Biosensors Using Nucleic Acid-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 7.3 SERS-Based Biosensors Using Nucleic Acid-Based Nanobiohybrid Materials 8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Biosynthesis, Biofunctionalization, and Bioapplications of Manganese Nanomaterials: An Overview 1 Manganese Nanomaterials 2 Synthesis of Mn NMs 2.1 Physicochemical Synthesis 2.2 Green Synthesis 2.2.1 Bacteria-Based Synthesis 2.2.2 Yeast-Based Synthesis 2.2.3 Fungi-Based Synthesis 2.2.4 Plant-Based Synthesis 3 Functionalization 3.1 Biofunctionalization 3.2 Polyfunctionalization 4 Bioapplications 4.1 Theranostic Applications 4.2 Antimicrobial Agent 4.3 Biosensor Fabrication 4.3.1 Enzymatic Sensors 4.3.2 Nonenzymatic Sensors Electrochemical Optical 4.3.3 Electrochemical Immunosensors 4.3.4 Aptasensors 4.3.5 Pressure Sensor 5 Future Prospects References Transducers in Biosensors 1 Introduction 2 Transducers Used in Biosensors 2.1 Electrochemical 2.1.1 Amperometric 2.1.2 Potentiometric 2.1.3 Conductometric 2.1.4 Photoelectrochemical (PEC) 2.2 Optical 2.2.1 Fluorescence 2.2.2 Chemiluminescence 2.2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance 2.3 Calorimetric (Thermometric) 2.4 Piezoelectric 2.5 Magnetic 3 Applications of Transducers 4 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Self-Assembly and Fabrication of Biomaterials onto Transducers and Their Characterization 1 Introduction 2 Embedding 3 Adsorption 3.1 Physical Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials 3.2 Adsorption by Natural Products 3.3 Adsorption by Nanomaterials 3.4 Adsorption by Synthetic Polymer 4 Chemical Immobilizations 4.1 Covalent and Non-covalent Linking 4.2 Protein-Molecular Interactions 4.3 Click Chemistry 5 Electrochemical Polymerization 6 Spinning and Deposition 6.1 Electrospinning 6.2 Electrostatic Spray Deposition 7 Plasma Deposition 7.1 Laser Deposition 8 Characterization of Biomaterials on Transducers 8.1 FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopy 8.2 UV-vis Spectroscopy 8.2.1 CD Spectroscopy 8.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 8.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 8.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscope 8.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 9 Summary 10 Conclusion and Prospect References Biocatalytic Sensors: Potentials, Maxims and Mechanisms for Optimal Performance 1 Introduction 2 Biofabrication Techniques for Detecting Cell Behaviors in Analytes 2.1 Contact-Based Fabrication Techniques 2.2 Non-Contact-Based Fabrication Techniques 2.3 Cell Encapsulation 3 Types of Biocatalytic Sensors 3.1 Electrochemical Biosensor 3.1.1 Maxim and Mechanism of Operation 3.1.2 Amperometric Biosensors 3.1.2.1 Maxim and Mechanism of Operation 3.1.3 Conductometric Biosensor 3.1.3.1 Maxim and Mechanism of Operation 3.1.4 Potentiometric Biosensor 3.1.4.1 Maxim and Mechanism of Operation 3.1.5 Impedimetric/Impedance Biosensor 3.1.6 Chemiresistive, Capacitance-Based Sensors 3.2 Optical Biosensor 3.2.1 Types of Optical Biosensors 3.2.1.1 Attenuated Total Reflection Optical Biosensors (ATROB) 3.2.1.2 Fluorescence Total Reflection Optical Biosensors Biosensors 3.2.1.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensors 3.2.1.4 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering-Biocatalytic Sensors (SERS-BS) 3.2.1.5 Bioluminescent Optical Fiber/Optrode Biosensors 3.2.1.6 Optical Waveguide Interferometric/Resonant Waveguide Grating (RWG) Biosensors 3.2.1.7 Ellipsometric Biosensors 3.2.1.8 Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy Biosensors Maxim and Mechanism of Operation 3.3 Piezoelectric/Magnetic Biosensor 3.3.1 Maxim and Mechanism of Operation 3.4 Calorimetric/Thermal Biosensor 3.4.1 Description, Maxim, and Mechanism of Operation 3.5 Mechanical Biosensors 3.5.1 Biological Assays for Mechanical Biosensors 3.5.1.1 Bioaffinity-Based Assays 3.5.1.2 Fingerprint Assays 3.5.1.3 Separation-Based Assays 3.5.1.4 Spectrometric Assays Maxim 3.5.2 Types of Mechanical-Biocatalytic Sensors 3.5.2.1 Surface Stress Biosensors 3.5.2.2 Dynamic-Mode Biosensors 3.5.2.3 Quartz Crystal Microbalances (QCM) 3.5.2.4 Whispering-Gallery Microcavity (WGM): 3.5.2.5 Optical Microring Resonators (MRRs) 3.5.2.6 Nanowire Biosensors Maxim Mechanisms: Diffusion, Convection, and Biochemical Kinetics 4 Features/Qualities of a Good Biosensor for Optimal Performance 5 Limitations of Biosensors 6 Sensors: The Future 7 Concluding Remarks References Part III: Potential Role and Applications of Bio-based Sensors Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Sensors and Their Applications 1 Introduction 2 Use of Polyhydroxyalkanoates as Sensors 2.1 Pressure Sensor 2.2 Triboelectricity Generator 2.3 Temperature Sensor 2.4 Strain Sensor 3 Detection of Gases and Chemicals Using PHA-Based Sensors 4 Biomedical Applications of PHA-Based Composite Materials 4.1 PHA-Based Scaffolds 4.2 Detection of Antibiotic, Body Fluids, and Microbes Using PHA-Based Sensors 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References An Overview of Immunosensors and Their Application 1 Introduction 1.1 Biosensors 1.2 Classification of Biosensor 1.3 Immunosensor 1.4 Principles of Immunosensor 1.5 Structure of Immunosensor 1.6 Why Immunosensor Is a Better Choice Than Other Sensors? 2 Immunosensing Elements 2.1 Antibodies 2.2 Antigens 2.3 Aptamers 3 Immunosensor Format 3.1 Direct or Non-labeled Immunosensor 3.2 Indirect or Labeled Immunosensors 4 Classification of Immunosensors 4.1 Electrochemical Immunosensors 4.1.1 Amperometric 4.1.2 Potentiometric 4.1.3 Impedimetric 4.1.4 Conductometric 4.2 Optical Immunosensors 4.3 Piezoelectric Immunosensor 4.4 Others 5 Immobilization of Immunoactive Elements 5.1 Adsorption 5.2 Covalent Bonding 5.3 Cross-linking 5.4 Entrapment 6 Immunosensors as Diagnostic Tools 6.1 Immunosensors for Detection of Biomarkers 6.1.1 Cancer Biomarkers 6.1.2 Cardiovascular Disease Markers 6.1.3 Autoimmune Disease Marker 6.2 Immunosensor for Detection of Metabolites 6.2.1 Glucose Detection 6.2.2 Cholesterol Detection 6.2.3 Creatinine Detection 6.3 Immunosensors for Detection of Infectious Disease 6.3.1 Influenza 6.3.2 Tuberculosis 6.3.3 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) 6.3.3.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 6.3.3.2 Hepatitis 6.4 Immunosensors for Drug Safety 6.5 Immunosensors for National Security 7 Challenges and Prospects of Immunosensor 8 Summary References Live Cells as Biosensors 1 Introduction 2 Live Cell-Based Biosensors: General Principles 3 Live Cell Sensing Technique: Transduction 3.1 Biotransformation-Based Strategy 3.2 Stimuli Response-Based Strategy 4 Live Cell Biosensors: Recent Advances 4.1 Live Cell-Based Biosensors in Medical Diagnostics 4.2 Precision Medicine 4.3 Detection of Micronutrients 4.4 Diseases Diagnosis 5 Application of Cells as Biosensors Against Environmental Analytes 5.1 Bioavailability Detection 5.2 Reporter Genes 5.3 Regulatory Proteins 5.4 Host Cells 5.5 Multi-functionalization 6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion References Part IV: Biomaterials-Based Sensors for Agricultural and Biomedical Applications Magnetic Nanoparticles-Based Novel Sensors for Select Biomedical/Biological Science Applications 1 Magnetic Relaxation Properties 2 Design of Magnetic Relaxation Detection Devices for DMR Assay 3 Biosensing Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles-Based DMR System 3.1 Detection of Proteins 3.2 Detection of Nucleic Acids 3.3 Detection of Small Molecules 3.4 Detection of Pathogens 4 Electrochemical Sensor 5 Piezoelectric Sensor 6 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 7 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) 8 Interference-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (IERS) 9 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Optodes and Other Fiber Optic Sensors 10 Summary and Conclusions References Electrochemical Biosensors in Agricultural and Veterinary Applications 1 Introduction 2 Electrochemical Biosensors 2.1 Voltammetric Biosensors 2.2 Amperometric Biosensors 2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 2.2.2 Graphene 2.2.3 Metallic Nanomaterials 2.2.4 Other Materials 2.3 Potentiometric Biosensors 2.4 Conductometric Biosensors 2.5 Impedimetric Biosensors 2.6 Coulometric Biosensors 2.7 Point of Care Testing (POCT) as Biosensor 3 Injection Systems Associated with Electrochemical Biosensors 3.1 Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) 3.2 Sequencial Injection Analysis (SIA) 3.3 Batch Injection Analysis (BIA) 4 Electrochemical Biosensors Applied in Agricultural and Veterinary Matrices 5 Concluding Remarks References The Applications of Biosensors and Biochips for Prognosis and Diagnosis of Diseases 1 Introduction 2 Detection of Biomarkers 2.1 Protein Biomarkers 2.2 Nucleic Acid Biomarkers 3 Biosensors for the Detection of Whole Cells and Microbes 3.1 Tuberculosis 3.2 Diarrhea 3.3 Cholera 3.4 Salmonellosis 4 Biosensors for the Detection of Viruses 4.1 SARS-CoV-2 4.2 Dengue 4.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 4.4 Hepatitis 4.5 Zika Virus 5 Current Applications of Biosensors and Biochips in Disease Detection 5.1 Cancer Diagnosis 5.2 Diabetes Mellitus 5.3 Cardiovascular Diseases 6 Lab-on-a-Chip (LOAC) and Design of Microchannels in Microfluidic Systems 7 Future Directions 8 Conclusion and Summary References