Practical Petroleum Geochemistry for Exploration and Production

Description

Front Cover PRACTICAL PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1 - Introduction Introduction A Brief History of Petroleum Geochemistry Definitions Petroleum Geochemistry Petroleum System Sedimentary Organic Matter Other Sedimentary Organic Deposits Organic Chemistry Review Covalent Bonds Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons N-S-O Compounds Asphaltenes Reactions Stable Isotope Review CHAPTER 2 - The Formation of Petroleum Accumulations Introduction Incorporating Organic Matter Into Sediments Kerogen Formation Source Rock Deposition Maturation and Hydrocarbon Generation Petroleum Migration Origin of Nonhydrocarbon Gases Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Hydrogen Sulfide Helium Hydrogen Coals as Oil-Prone Source Rocks Summary CHAPTER 3 - Source Rock Evaluation Definitions and Fundamental Concepts Sample Collection Cuttings Headspace Gas/Canned Cuttings Drilling Mud and Mud Additive Sample Core and Sidewall Cores Total Organic Carbon Rock-Eval Pyrolysis Source Richness Interpretations Thermal Maturity Interpretations Source Quality Interpretations Solvent Extraction, S-A-R-A Analysis, and Extract Data Source Richness and Quality Interpretations Gas Chromatography Source Quality Interpretations Thermal Maturity Interpretations Recognizing Contamination Headspace Gas Analysis Source Richness Interpretations Thermal Maturity Interpretations Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography Kerogen Isolation Elemental Analysis Vitrinite Reflectance Interferences With Vitrinite Reflectance Lack of Vitrinite Cavings and Reworked Vitrinite Unconformities/Normal Faults Reverse Faults Change in Geothermal Gradient/Heat Flow Igneous Intrusives Suppression and Misidentification Vitrinite Anisotropy Maturity Interpretations With Vitrinite Reflectance Alternative Reflectance Method Liptinite/Sporinite/Exinite Reflectance Solid Bitumen Reflectance Graptolite, Scolecodont, and Chitinozoan Reflectance Visual Kerogen Typing Thermal Alteration Index Kerogen Fluorescence Conodont Alteration Index Wireline Log Interpretations Gamma Ray Formation Density Sonic Transit Time Resistivity Source Rock Presence Interpretations Source Richness Interpretations Thermal Maturity Interpretations Using Outcrop Samples Strategies in Source Rock Evaluation Background Information Defining the Problem Making Interpretations CHAPTER 4 - Interpreting Crude Oil and Natural Gas Data Introduction Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Natural Gas API Gravity Gas Specific Gravity Viscosity Pour Point Cloud Point Flash Point Weight Percent Sulfur Nickel (Ni) and Vanadium (V) Contents S-A-R-A Solution Gas–Oil Ratio and Solution Oil–Gas Ratio Heating Value of Natural Gas Phase Behavior Crude Oil and Natural Gas Alteration Thermal Alteration Biodegradation Water-Washing Gas-Washing Deasphalting Devolatilization Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction Contamination Oil-to-Oil and Oil-to-Source Rock Correlations Biomarkers Biomarker Analysis Comparing Data for Oil-to-Oil and Oil-to-Source Rock Correlations Crude Oil Inversion Presence of Individual Biomarker Indicators Relative Abundance of Groups of Compounds Biomarker Ratios Strategies and Obstacles in Oil Correlation and Oil Inversion Studies Natural Gas Data The Source of Natural Gas: Biogenic Versus Thermogenic The Maturity of Thermogenic Natural Gas Gas-to-Gas and Gas-to-Source Rock Correlations Strategies and Obstacles in Interpreting Gas Data CHAPTER 5 - Reservoir Geochemistry Introduction Pay Zone Detection Mud Gas Analysis Mud Gas Data Interpretation Fluorescence and Cut Isotubes Rock-Eval Pyrolysis Solvent Extraction/Gas Chromatography Thermal Extraction–Gas Chromatography High-Molecular Weight Waxes Asphaltenes Reservoir Continuity Reservoir Continuity Using Mud Gas Data Reservoir Continuity Using Oil Samples Reservoir Continuity Using Gas Samples Production Allocation Production Problems and Periodic Sampling Monitoring Enhanced Oil Recovery Reservoir Souring Strategies in Reservoir Geochemistry CHAPTER 6 - Surface Geochemistry Introduction Microseepage Direct Indicators of Hydrocarbon Microseepage Soil Gas Adsorbers Indirect Indicators of Hydrocarbon Microseepage Microbial Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Iodine Induced Polarization and Resistivity Magnetic Contrasts Microseepage Survey Design and Interpretation Onshore Macroseepage Offshore Macroseepage Locating Potential Seafloor Seep Sites Sea Surface Slicks Water Column “Sniffers” Seafloor Features Associated With Seepage Locating Potential Seafloor Seep Features Sampling Potential Seafloor Seep Sites Analyzing Seafloor Sediments for Thermogenic Hydrocarbons Sea Surface Slicks Oil Slick Sampling and Analysis Offshore Gas Seep Sampling and Analysis Beach Tar Sampling and Analysis CHAPTER 7 - Unconventional Resources Introduction Coalbed Methane Petroleum Geochemistry and Coalbed Methane Shale Gas Petroleum Geochemistry and Shale Gas Additional Support for Shale Gas Plays Shale Oil Hybrid Systems Petroleum Geochemistry and Hybrid Systems CHAPTER 8 - Basin Modeling Introduction Burial History Thermal History Modeling Maturation, Hydrocarbon Generation, and Expulsion Maturation Modeling Hydrocarbon Generation Modeling Expulsion Modeling Modeling Migration Ray-Path Modeling Darcy Flow Modeling Invasion Percolation Modeling Predicting Preservation 1-D Model Results Burial History Diagrams Depth Profiles Time Profiles Model Validation Sensitivity Analysis Volumetric Estimations The Role of Basin Modeling in Unconventional Plays CHAPTER 9 - Petroleum System Concepts and Tools Introduction Elements and Processes Temporal Aspects Spatial Aspects Plays and Prospects A Working Petroleum System Risking Index A B C D F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V Back Cover