Anatomy and examination in ocular trauma

Description

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Acknowledgments Contents Part I: Anatomy 1: General Anatomy 1.1 Anatomy of the Eyeball 1.1.1 The Eyeball 1.1.2 The Cornea 1.1.3 The Sclera 1.1.4 The Uveal Tract 1.1.5 Iris 1.1.6 The Ciliary Body 1.1.7 The Choroid 1.1.8 The Retina 1.1.9 Macula 1.1.10 Ora Serrata 1.1.11 The Anterior Chamber Angle 1.1.12 The Lens 1.1.13 The Aqueous 1.1.14 Vitreous 1.1.15 The External Anatomic Landmarks 1.2 Anatomy of the Visual Pathway 1.2.1 Retina 1.2.2 Optic Nerve 1.2.3 Anterior Junction Syndrome 1.2.4 Chiasm 1.2.5 Optic Tract/Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) 1.2.6 Optic Radiations 1.2.7 Occipital Cortex 1.3 Anatomy of the Ocular Adnexa 1.3.1 Orbit 1.3.2 Palpebral 1.3.2.1 Blood Supply 1.3.2.2 Lymphatic Drainage [8] 1.3.3 Conjunctiva 1.3.4 Lacrimal Apparatus 1.3.4.1 Lacrimal Gland 1.3.4.2 Lacrimal Passage Bone Lacrimal Passage Membranous Lacrimal Passage 1.3.5 Extraocular Muscles References 2: Ocular Structure Change and Specific Feature When Encountered with Trauma and Pearls 2.1 Eyeball 2.2 Visual Pathway 2.2.1 Traumatic Optic Neuropathy 2.2.2 Precanalicular Injury 2.2.3 Canalicular Injury 2.3 Ocular Adnexa 2.3.1 The Orbital Trauma 2.3.2 Medial Orbital Wall 2.3.3 Orbital Septal System 2.3.4 Motor Nerves of the Orbit 2.3.5 Smooth Muscles Part II: Examinations 3: Visual Function Examination 3.1 Visual Acuity 3.1.1 Distant Vision 3.1.1.1 How Is the Visual Acuity Chart Designed? 3.1.1.2 Determination of Distant Vision 3.1.1.3 Things that Should Be Paid Attention To 3.1.2 Near Vision 3.2 Visual Field 3.2.1 General Concept 3.2.1.1 Unit and Standardization 3.2.1.2 Difference Light Threshold 3.2.1.3 The Fluctuation of Light Threshold 3.2.2 General Knowledge of Visual Field 3.2.2.1 The Concept of Normal Visual Field The Absolute Boundary of the Visual Field Reaches a Certain Range The Light Sensitivity Is Normal in Every Spot of the Full Visual Field 3.2.2.2 Island of Vision 3.2.2.3 Isopter 3.2.2.4 Physiological Blind Spot 3.2.2.5 The Symmetry of the Normal Field of Vision 3.2.3 Clinical Perimetry and Perimeter Categories 3.2.3.1 Kinetic Test 3.2.3.2 Static Test 3.2.3.3 Superthreshold Test, Screening Test 3.2.3.4 Testing Methods Face-to-Face Test Perimeter Test (Fig. 3.1) 3.2.3.5 Visual Field Recording The Reliability of Visual Field Measurement Threshold Values Grayscale Printouts Total Deviation Pattern Deviation Visual Field Indices 3.2.3.6 Factors that Affect the Visual Field Age Fixation The Degree of Adaptation or Dark Adaptation of the Examined Eye Pupil Size Ametropia Learning Effect and the Degree of Coordination The Position of the Upper Eyelid and the Rim of the Frame Detection Time 3.2.3.7 The Strategy Choice of Automatic Perimetry 3.2.3.8 Baseline and Follow–Up 3.2.4 Abnormal Visual Field 3.2.4.1 Constriction of Visual Field 3.2.4.2 Scotoma Location Different Shapes of Scotoma General Reduction of Sensitivity Enlargement of Physiological Blind Spot (Fig. 3.11) 3.2.4.3 Assess the Abnormity of the Central Visual Field 3.3 Electrophysiology 3.3.1 Electroretinogram (ERG) 3.3.1.1 Flash Electroretinogram (F-ERG) Dark Adaptation Wave Clinical Applications 3.3.1.2 Pattern Electroretinogram (P–ERG) (Fig. 3.13) Clinical Applications 3.3.2 Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) 3.3.2.1 Flash VEP (F-VEP) 3.3.2.2 Graphics VEP (P–VEP) (Fig. 3.14) Clinical Application of Visual Evoked Potential 3.3.3 Electrooculogram (EOG) 3.3.4 Multifocal Electroretinogram and Multifocal Visual Evoked Potential 3.4 Key Points when Performing Visual Function Examination in Ocular Trauma 3.4.1 Visual Acuity 3.4.2 Visual Field 3.4.2.1 Traumatic Chorioretinopathies Commotio Retinae 3.4.2.2 Optic Nerve Avulsion 3.4.2.3 Damage to the Visual Pathway 4: Physical Examination 4.1 Ocular Adnexa 4.1.1 Eyelid 4.1.2 Orbit and Extraocular Muscle 4.1.3 Lacrimal Ductule and Lacrimal Gland 4.2 Anterior Segment 4.2.1 Conjunctiva and Sclera 4.2.2 Cornea and Anterior Chamber 4.2.3 Iris and Pupil 4.2.4 Lens 4.3 Posterior Segment 4.4 Intraocular Pressure 4.5 Key Points when Performing Physical Examination in Ocular Trauma References 5: Imaging Examination 5.1 X–Ray 5.2 Computed Tomography 5.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 5.3.1 Special Concerns for Imaging of Ocular Trauma 5.3.1.1 According to Classification of Ocular Trauma Intraocular Foreign Bodies (IOFB) X–Ray Radiography CT MRI 5.3.1.2 Eyeball Trauma Anterior Segment Injury Lens Injuries CT/MRI Globe Rupture CT/MRI Vitreous Hemorrhage CT MRI 5.3.1.3 Orbital Blowout Fractures X–Ray Radiography CT MRI 5.3.1.4 Optic Canal Fracture and Optic Nerve Injury CT MRI 5.4 B-Ultrasound 5.4.1 Background 5.4.2 Working Mechanism 5.4.3 A-Scan and B-Scan 5.4.4 Advantages 5.4.5 Disadvantages 5.5 Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) 5.5.1 Background 5.5.2 Working Mechanism 5.5.3 Advantages 5.5.4 Disadvantages 5.6 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 5.6.1 Background 5.6.2 Working Mechanism 5.6.3 Advantages 5.6.4 Disadvantages 5.7 Specular Microscope 5.7.1 Background 5.7.2 Working Mechanism 5.7.3 Advantages 5.7.4 Disadvantages References Part III: Epidemiology and the Registration System of Ocular Trauma 6: Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma 6.1 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma in Different Countries in the World 6.1.1 In Europe 6.1.2 In America 6.1.3 In Africa 6.1.4 In Oceania 6.1.5 In Asia 6.2 Epidemiology of Work-Related Ocular Trauma or in Different Environments in the World 6.2.1 Work-Related Eye Injuries 6.2.2 Traffic Eye Injuries 6.2.3 Military eye injuries, or Firearm of Lethal Weapon-Related Eye Injuries 6.2.4 Firecrackers Eye Injury 6.3 Epidemiology of Sports-Related Ocular Trauma in the World 6.4 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma in Children in the World 6.5 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma in China 6.5.1 In Beijing 6.5.2 In Shanghai 6.5.3 In Hong Kong 6.5.4 In the Region of Central China 6.5.5 In the Region of Northwest China 6.5.6 In the Region of North China 6.5.7 In the Region of Southeast China 6.5.8 In the Region of South China 6.5.9 In the Region of East China 6.5.10 In the Region of Northeast China 6.5.11 Special Eye Injuries and Work-Related Eye Injuries References 7: The Registration System of Ocular Trauma 7.1 Why Should We Pursue Eye Injury Registration? 7.2 The Methods of Eye Injury Registration 7.2.1 Baseline Registration 7.2.1.1 Paper Form 7.2.1.2 Electronic Version of the Terminal Registration 7.2.1.3 Internet Registration 7.2.2 Follow-Up Registration 7.2.3 Data Summary 7.3 Eye Registry in the World 7.4 Background and Development of China Eye Injury Registry 7.5 Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study 7.5.1 Introduction of Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study 7.5.2 The Organization of Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study 7.5.3 Research Process of Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study 7.5.4 Eye Injury Vitrectomy Registration Form and Entry Interface