Schizophrenia : recent advances in diagnosis and treatment

Description

Preface Contents Contributors Part I: Overview Chapter 1: Introduction Clinical Features Epidemiology and Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors Overview of Neurobiology Neurotransmission Genetics Neuroimaging Endophenotypes Management of Schizophrenia Complications Associated with Schizophrenia and Its Treatment Long-Term Management References Chapter 2: The Evolving Nosology of Schizophrenia: Relevance for Treatment Introduction The Concept of Schizophrenia from the Nineteenth Century to DSM-IV and ICD-10 The Present: DSM-5 and Towards ICD-11 Changes in Characteristic Symptoms of Schizophrenia in DSM-5 and ICD-11 Elimination of Classic Subtypes of Schizophrenia in DSM-5 and ICD-11 Addition of Psychopathological Dimensions of Schizophrenia Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome Treatment Implications of Current Conceptualization of Schizophrenia: 2014 and Beyond References Part II: Recent Research into thePathophysiology of Schizophrenia Chapter 3: Overview of Neurobiology Introduction Identifying Findings Is Not the Same as Identifying an Abnormality To Determine If a Finding Reflects Pathology, Learn About Its Regulation Some Abnormalities May Be Epiphenomena But Still Provide Clues About Mechanisms Heterogeneity Obscures Findings by Mixing Patients with Deficient and Adaptive Function Compensatory Responses May Identify Potential Treatment Interventions for Other Patients How Does One Relate Underlying Neurobiology to Treatment of Schizophrenia Conclusion References Chapter 4: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia Introduction Brain Structure Gray Matter White Matter Summary Brain Function Functional and Molecular Imaging Summary Neurophysiology P300 Prepulse Inhibition of Startle P50 Auditory-Evoked Potential Suppression Mismatch Negativity Cortical Oscillations and Neural Synchrony Summary Oxidative, Immunological, and Neuroendocrine Abnormalities Neurotransmitter Systems Neurochemical Imaging Dopamine Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Glutamate Summary Neuropathology Neuroplasticity Models of Pathogenesis Summary Conclusion Knowledge Gaps and Future Steps References Chapter 5: Genetics of Schizophrenia Introduction Genetic Epidemiology Molecular Approaches: Linkage Molecular Approaches: Candidate Gene Association Molecular Approaches: Genome-Wide Association Studies Genetic Relationships to Bipolar Disorder Clinical Applications and Future Directions Conclusion Glossary References Chapter 6: Recent Advances in Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Schizophrenia Overview Distributed Patterns of Widespread Abnormal Structure and Function Box 6.1 Computational Anatomy Disorganization of Brain Networks Box 6.2 Emerging Technologies and Characterization of Brain Networks Disrupted Regional Networks Disrupted Large-Scale Global Networks Box 6.3 Development of Large-Scale Brain Network Methods Multimodal and Pattern-Analytical Neuroimaging Biomarkers Critical Questions List of Key Facts References Part III: Medical Management of Schizophrenia Chapter 7: Acute Management of Schizophrenia Introduction Choice and Dosing of an Antipsychotic Acute Treatment of Psychosis High-Risk Individuals Treatment of High-Risk Individuals First-Episode and Early-Onset Patients Treatment of First-Episode and Early-Onset Patients Multiepisode Patients Conclusion Management of Treatment-Resistance Antipsychotic Polypharmacy Agents Impacting Other Neurotransmitter Systems/Receptors Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Glutamate Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Acetylcholine Histamine Other Approaches Antidepressants Glucocorticoids/Neurosteroids Anti-Inflammatory Agents Cannabinoids Hormonal Agents Neutraceuticals Omega-3 Fatty Acids Folate Vitamin D Cognitive and Psychosocial Therapies Clinical Strategy with Other Approaches Conclusion References Chapter 8: Therapeutic Neuromodulation for Treatment of Schizophrenia Introduction Positive Symptoms Electroconvulsive Therapy Mechanism of Action ECT for Positive Symptoms Reviews and Meta-analyses of ECT for Positive Symptoms ECT for Catatonia ECT for Adolescents Predictors of Response ECT for Maintenance Treatment ECT Administration ECT Guidelines for Treating Schizophrenia Conclusion Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Mechanism of Action TMS for Positive Symptoms Meta-analyses of TMS for Positive Symptoms TMS for Adolescents TMS for Maintenance Treatment TMS Administration Conclusion Negative Symptoms Electroconvulsive Therapy Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Mechanism of Action Open-Label Studies Controlled Studies Meta-analyses of TMS for Negative Symptoms Conclusion Cognitive Symptoms Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Conclusion Other Neuromodulation Approaches Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Acute Psychotic Symptoms tDCS for Maintenance Treatment Conclusion Deep Brain Stimulation Conclusion References Chapter 9: Pharmacogenetics in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Introduction Genetic Biomarkers of Drug Response Synaptic Vesicle (SV2C) SV2C and Schizophrenia Sulfotransferase Family (SULT) 4A1 SULT4A1 and Schizophrenia Genetic Biomarkers of Drug Metabolism Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Cytochrome P450 1A2 Cytochrome P450 3A4/5 (CYP3A4/5) Genetic Biomarkers of Antipsychotic-Related Adverse Effects Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain Agranulocytosis Tardive Dyskinesia Clinical Use of Pharmacogenetics in Psychotropic Drug Selection Ethnicity and Pharmacogenomics Conclusion References Chapter 10: Management of Comorbid Medical Conditions in Schizophrenia Scope of the Problem Mortality Reduced Life Expectancy Medical Care of Patients with Schizophrenia Access to Care Underdiagnosis Undertreatment Screening Medical Adverse Events Coronary Artery Disease and Its Risk Factors Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Diabetes Mellitus Lifestyle Factors Metabolic Syndrome Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain Stroke Management of Cardiometabolic Disorders Screening Risk Factor Modification Pharmacologic Approaches Metformin Topiramate Nonpharmacological Approaches Infectious Diseases Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hepatitis C Hepatitis B Management Cancer Cancer Mortality Breast Cancer Lung Cancer Management Substance Abuse Management Other Medical Conditions Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pneumonia Autoimmune Disorders Epilepsy Future Needs: Integrated Delivery of Medical Care Conclusion References Chapter 11: Management of Water Imbalance in Schizophrenia Introduction Historical Overview Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Sequalae Primary and Secondary Polydipsia Chronic Moderate Hyponatremia and Episodic Water Intoxication Clinical Presentation The PIP Syndrome Diagnosis Polydipsia PIP Syndrome Medication-Induced Hyponatremia Pathophysiology of PIP Syndrome Mechanism of Primary Polydipsia Mechanism of Reset Osmostat in PIP Syndrome Treatment and Prevention Polydipsia Hyponatremia in the PIP Syndrome and with Recognized Causes Prevention Pharmacologic Treatment Clozapine Vaptans Conclusion References Chapter 12: Management of Medication-Related Adverse Effects Introduction Sudden Death Definition, Significance, Patient Risk Factors, and Mechanisms Risks of Different Antipsychotics Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment Movement Disorders Definition, Significance, Patient Risk Factors, and Mechanisms Common Mechanisms Risks of Different Antipsychotics Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment Hyperprolactinemia and Sexual Dysfunction Hyperprolactinemia Definition, Significance, Patient Risk Factors, and Mechanisms Risks of Different Antipsychotics Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment Sexual Dysfunction Definition, Significance, Patient Risk Factors, and Mechanisms Risks of Different Antipsychotics Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment Metabolic Syndrome Definition, Significance, Patient Risk Factors, and Mechanisms Risks of Different Antipsychotics Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment Advanced Age Definition, Significance, Patient Risk Factors, and Mechanisms Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment Clozapine Hematologic Adverse Effects Cardiovascular Adverse Effects Neurological Adverse Effects Gastrointestinal Adverse Effects Hypersalivation Thermoregulatory Adverse Effects Other Serious Adverse Effects Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Venous Thromboembolism Acute Laryngeal Dystonia Hepatotoxicity EPS and Respiratory Distress in Newborns Conclusion References Part IV: Management of Schizophreniaand Its Long-Term Complications Chapter 13: Long-Term Pharmacological Management of Schizophrenia Introduction Antipsychotic Medications and Long-Term Treatment Relapse Prevention and Recovery Medication Adherence During Long-Term Treatment Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics Effectiveness of LAI Versus Oral Antipsychotics Switching from an Oral to an LAI Antipsychotic Selecting an LAI Antipsychotic Olanzapine Pamoate Paliperidone Palmitate Risperidone Microspheres Aripiprazole Monohydrate Haloperidol and Fluphenazine Decanoate Conclusion References Chapter 14: Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Psychotherapy Approaches Introduction Rehabilitation Skills Training Background Description of Treatment Results on Efficacy Summary and Future Directions Assertive Community Treatment Background Description of Treatment Results on Efficacy Summary and Future Directions Supported Employment Background Description of Treatment Results on Efficacy Summary and Future Directions Cognitive Remediation Background Description of Treatment Results on Efficacy Summary and Future Directions Social Cognition Training Background Description of Treatment Results on Efficacy Summary and Future Directions Peer-Implemented Services Background Description of Treatment Results on Efficacy Summary and Future Directions Psychotherapy Family-Based Services Background Description of Treatment Results on Efficacy Summary and Future Directions Cognitive Behavior Therapy Background Description of Treatment Results on Efficacy Summary and Future Directions Conclusion References Part V: Future Directions and Implications Chapter 15: Conclusion Overview Diagnostic Issues in Schizophrenia Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia Medical Management of Schizophrenia Medical Comorbidities Medication Adverse Effects Long-Term Management of Schizophrenia In the Future References Index