First Aid for the Emergency Medicine Oral Boards, Second Edition

Description

Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 21 Preface......Page 32 Section 1. Taking the Boards......Page 33 Chapter 1. Introduction and Technique......Page 34 Introduction......Page 35 Detailed Description of the Exam Day......Page 36 The Oral Board Exam Format......Page 37 Recommended Study Plan......Page 43 General Information......Page 46 Approach......Page 47 Section 2. Resuscitation and Procedures......Page 75 Initial Assessment......Page 76 Basic Airway Management......Page 79 Noninvasive Ventilatory Support......Page 80 Indications for Intubation......Page 81 Initial Approach to Intubation......Page 82 Orotracheal Intubation Technique......Page 85 Chapter 3. Shock......Page 97 Definition of Shock......Page 98 Pathophysiology......Page 99 Recognizing Shock......Page 101 Identify the Cause......Page 103 The Bottom Line......Page 110 Chapter 4. BLS/ACLS......Page 112 BLS: Basic Life Support......Page 114 ACLS: Advanced Cardiac Life Support......Page 115 Immediate Interventions......Page 117 Cardiac Arrest Algorithms......Page 118 Management of Bradycardia......Page 123 Management of Tachycardia......Page 125 Initial Assessment......Page 132 Basic Life Support......Page 133 NRP......Page 144 Joint Injuries/Reductions......Page 147 Section 3. Cardinal Symptoms......Page 175 Chapter 7. Fever......Page 176 Initial Assessment......Page 177 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 178 Differential Diagnosis......Page 181 Urinary Tract Infections......Page 183 Endocarditis......Page 186 Neutropenic Fever......Page 188 HIV/AIDS......Page 190 Cellulitis/Necrotizing Fasciitis......Page 192 Thyroid Storm......Page 195 Chapter 8. Chest Pain......Page 201 Initial Assessment......Page 202 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 203 Differential Diagnosis......Page 204 Acute Coronary Syndrome......Page 205 Aortic Dissection......Page 215 Pulmonary Embolism......Page 228 Pneumothorax......Page 233 Chapter 9. Syncope and Palpitations......Page 240 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 242 Differential Diagnosis......Page 244 Reflex-Mediated Syncope......Page 246 Orthostatic Hypotension Syncope......Page 248 Neurologic Syncope......Page 250 Cardiovascular Syncope......Page 252 Chapter 10. Shortness of Breath......Page 263 Initial Assessment......Page 264 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 265 Differential Diagnosis......Page 267 Asthma......Page 270 COPD Exacerbation......Page 274 Congestive Heart Failure/Pulmonary Edema......Page 276 Cardiac Tamponade......Page 281 Pneumonia......Page 284 Chapter 11. Sore Throat/Dysphagia......Page 290 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 291 Differential Diagnosis......Page 294 Ludwig Angina......Page 298 Epiglottitis......Page 301 Peritonsillar Abscess......Page 304 Chapter 12. Abdominal Pain......Page 307 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 310 Peritonitis/SBP/PD Related......Page 316 Intestinal Obstruction......Page 321 Mesenteric Ischemia......Page 328 Perforated Viscus......Page 333 Appendicitis......Page 338 Pancreatitis......Page 342 Cholecystitis/Cholangitis......Page 346 Diverticulitis/Abscess......Page 351 Pelvic Pain/PID/TOA......Page 355 Ovarian Torsion......Page 358 Chapter 13. GI Bleed......Page 364 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 365 Differential Diagnosis......Page 367 Upper GI Bleed......Page 368 Lower GI Bleed......Page 372 Chapter 14. Back Pain......Page 376 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 377 Physical Examination......Page 378 Differential Diagnosis......Page 379 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm......Page 381 Epidural Abscess......Page 384 Chapter 15. Painful Extremity......Page 389 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 390 Arterial Embolus......Page 392 Deep Venous Thrombosis......Page 395 Septic Joint......Page 398 Acute Compartment Syndrome......Page 401 Chapter 16. Altered Mental Status: Toxicology Emergencies......Page 405 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 412 Acetaminophen......Page 432 Salicylates......Page 435 Beta-Blocker/Calcium Channel Blocker......Page 438 Cardiac Glycoside (Digoxin)......Page 440 Theophylline......Page 442 Valproic Aid (Depacon, Depakene, Depakote)......Page 445 Tricyclic Antidepressants......Page 447 Antipsychotics......Page 451 Lithium......Page 452 Iron......Page 454 Lead......Page 457 Methemoglobinemia......Page 461 Carbon Monoxide......Page 462 Cyanide......Page 465 Hydrocarbon and Petroleum Distillates......Page 467 Organophosphates/Nerve Agents......Page 469 Ethylene Glycol......Page 471 Methanol......Page 474 Opioids......Page 477 Anticholinergic......Page 479 Cocaine and Amphetamines (Methylphenidate, Metamphetamine)......Page 481 Serotonin Syndrome......Page 483 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome......Page 485 Chapter 17. Altered Mental Status: Environment and Endocrine......Page 489 Initial Assessment/Intervention......Page 492 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 493 Differential Diagnosis......Page 494 Hyperthermia......Page 496 Hypothermia......Page 498 High-Altitude Illness......Page 502 Endocrine: Myxedema Coma......Page 505 Hypoglycemia......Page 507 Acute Adrenal Insufficiency......Page 509 Diabetic Ketoacidosis......Page 511 Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State......Page 514 Hypernatremia......Page 515 Hypercalcemia......Page 517 Chapter 18. Headache......Page 521 Initial Assessment......Page 522 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 523 Differential Diagnosis......Page 525 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 527 Temporal Arteritis......Page 529 Subdural Hematoma......Page 530 Hypertensive Encephalopathy......Page 531 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension AKA Pseudotumor Cerebri......Page 533 Meningitis and Encephalitis......Page 534 Chapter 19. Weakness......Page 536 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 538 Differential Diagnosis......Page 539 Acute Renal Failure......Page 540 Rhabdomyolysis......Page 544 Hyperkalemia......Page 546 Hypokalemia......Page 549 Chapter 20. Paralysis......Page 554 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 555 Differential Diagnosis......Page 557 Ischemic Stroke......Page 558 Spinal Cord Compression......Page 563 Guillain-Barré Syndrome......Page 565 Myasthenia Gravis......Page 566 Chapter 21. Seizure......Page 570 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 572 Differential Diagnosis......Page 574 Generalized Seizure Disorders......Page 576 Status Epilepticus......Page 579 Meningitis......Page 582 Metabolic Abnormalities......Page 584 Alcohol Withdrawal/DTS......Page 585 Head Trauma......Page 586 Management......Page 591 Chapter 22. Eye Problems......Page 593 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 595 Differential Diagnosis......Page 597 Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma......Page 604 Endophthalmitis......Page 606 Anterior Uveitis (Iritis)......Page 607 Corneal Ulcer......Page 609 Central Retinal Artery Occlusion......Page 611 Chapter 23. Rash and Skin Complaints......Page 616 Initial Assessment......Page 617 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 618 Differential Diagnosis......Page 621 Urticaria/Angioedema......Page 626 Anaphylaxis......Page 630 Risk Stratification......Page 631 Erythema Multiforme......Page 633 Chapter 24. Acid–Base Derangements......Page 636 Stepwise Approach to Acid–Base Interpretation......Page 637 Respiratory Alkalosis......Page 638 Metabolic Acidosis......Page 639 Metabolic Alkalosis......Page 640 Section 4. Special Populations......Page 641 Chapter 25. Trauma Patients......Page 642 Initial Trauma Assessment and Resuscitation......Page 644 System-Based Approach to the Trauma Patient: Head Injuries......Page 649 Maxillofacial Injuries......Page 655 Vascular Neck Trauma......Page 659 Thoracic Trauma......Page 661 Abdominal Trauma......Page 662 Spinal Trauma......Page 668 Pelvic Trauma......Page 674 Musculoskeletal Trauma......Page 679 Chapter 26. Burn Patients......Page 688 Initial Assessment......Page 689 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 690 Differential Diagnosis......Page 692 Electrical Burn......Page 693 Chemical Burn......Page 698 Thermal Burn......Page 702 Chapter 27. Pregnant Patients......Page 707 Initial Assessment......Page 708 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 709 Differential Diagnosis/Common Emergency Presentations of Pregnancy......Page 710 Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 714 Placenta Previa......Page 718 Placental Abruption......Page 720 Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia/HELLP Syndrome......Page 723 Chapter 28. The Dialysis Patient......Page 727 Initial Assessment......Page 728 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 729 Differential Diagnosis......Page 731 Hyperkalemia......Page 735 Pericardial Tamponade......Page 738 Volume Overload......Page 740 Bleeding From Vascular Access Site......Page 742 Chapter 29. Emergencies in Sickle Cell Patients......Page 745 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 746 Differential Diagnosis......Page 748 Acute Chest Syndrome......Page 749 Sepsis......Page 752 Review Initial Results......Page 753 Aplastic Crisis......Page 754 Splenic Sequestration......Page 755 Initial Assessment......Page 757 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 758 Differential Diagnosis......Page 760 Acquired Bleeding Disorders......Page 761 Hereditary Bleeding Disorders......Page 765 Chapter 31. Psychiatric Emergencies......Page 770 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 771 Depression/Suicide......Page 773 Psychosis......Page 776 Sexual Assault......Page 779 Section 5. Pediatric Patients......Page 784 Chapter 32. Pediatric Fever......Page 785 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 787 Differential Diagnosis......Page 790 Fever of Unknown Etiology: 0-1-Month Age Group......Page 794 1-3-Month Age Group......Page 796 3-36-Month Age Group......Page 801 Meningococcemia......Page 806 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever......Page 809 Kawasaki Disease......Page 811 Cellulitis......Page 814 Fever With Joint Pain......Page 816 Osteomyelitis......Page 817 Chapter 33. Pediatric Shortness of Breath......Page 821 Initial Assessment......Page 823 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 824 Differential Diagnosis......Page 827 Congenital Cardiac Abnormalities......Page 833 Asthma......Page 837 Bronchiolitis......Page 839 Pediatric Foreign Bodies......Page 842 Croup......Page 844 Acute Events in Infancy Including Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (BRUE)......Page 846 Chapter 34. Pediatric Sore Throat......Page 853 Initial Assessment......Page 854 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 855 Differential Diagnosis......Page 857 Acute Bacterial Pharyngitis......Page 860 Acute Viral Pharyngitis......Page 863 Epiglottitis......Page 864 Mononucleosis......Page 867 Retropharyngeal Abscess......Page 869 Diphtheria......Page 871 Chapter 35. Pediatric Abdominal Pain......Page 875 Initial Assessment......Page 876 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 877 Differential Diagnosis......Page 879 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis......Page 882 Intussusception......Page 885 Midgut Volvulus......Page 890 Testicular Torsion......Page 893 Appendicitis......Page 897 Chapter 36. Pediatric Joint Pain......Page 903 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 904 Mechanical Causes of Joint Pain or Limping......Page 906 Systemic/Inflammatory Causes of Joint Pain or Limping......Page 907 Common Fractures and Dislocations in Children......Page 908 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis......Page 916 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease......Page 918 Transient Synovitis......Page 920 Septic Arthritis......Page 921 Chapter 37. Pediatric Seizure......Page 925 Initial Assessment......Page 926 Initial History and Physical Examination......Page 927 Differential Diagnosis......Page 929 Generalized Seizure Disorder......Page 932 Status Epilepticus......Page 934 Febrile Seizures......Page 937 Meningitis......Page 939 Metabolic Abnormalities......Page 941 Head Trauma......Page 943 Chapter 38. Pediatric Trauma......Page 952 Initial Assessment......Page 954 Immediate Actions......Page 955 Differential Diagnoses and Considerations: The Secondary Survey......Page 958 Head Trauma......Page 960 Neck Trauma......Page 964 Chest Trauma......Page 967 Abdominal Trauma......Page 971 Genitourinary Trauma......Page 973 Child Abuse......Page 974 Near Drowning......Page 976 Section 6. The Cases......Page 979 1. 55 y/o Male With Chest Pain......Page 981 2. 44 y/o Female With Headache......Page 994 3. 20 y/o Male Pedestrian Struck by a Car......Page 1004 4. A 24 y/o Female With Vaginal Bleeding......Page 1017 5. 55 y/o Male With Mental Status Changes......Page 1025 6. A 50 y/o Female With Syncope......Page 1034 7. 35 y/o Male With Head Injury......Page 1044 8. 70 y/o Female With Abdominal Pain......Page 1056 9. 1 mo/o Male With Fever of Unknown Origin......Page 1067 10. 6 y/o Female With Abdominal Pain......Page 1077 11. 90 y/o Male With Headache......Page 1085 12. 50 y/o Female Dialysis Patient With Fever......Page 1095 13. 44 y/o Male With Hypotension......Page 1105 14. 16 y/o Female With Mental Status Change......Page 1116 15. 40 y/o Male With Chest Pain......Page 1129 16. 28 y/o Female With HIV, Back Pain, and Fever......Page 1143 17. 85 y/o Male With Abdominal Pain......Page 1153 18. 45 y/o Female With Shortness of Breath......Page 1164 19. 2 y/o Fussy Male With Abdominal Pain......Page 1180 20. 24 y/o Female Who Has a Fall......Page 1192 21. 55 y/o Male With Sore Throat......Page 1201 22. 33 y/o Female With Headache and Weakness......Page 1211 23. 1½ y/o Male With SOB......Page 1218 24. 35 y/o Female Pedestrian Struck by an Auto......Page 1227 25. 24 y/o Male With Gunshot Wound to Chest and Neck......Page 1238 26. 5 y/o Female With Abdominal Pain......Page 1249 27. 7 y/o Male With Asthma......Page 1260 28. A 22 y/o Female With Abdominal Pain......Page 1267 29. A 68 y/o Male With Shortness of Breath......Page 1277 30. 28 y/o Female in an MVA......Page 1286 31. 2 y/o Female With Seizure......Page 1296 32. 8 mo/o Female With SIDS/PALS......Page 1309 33. 38 y/o Male With Thermal Burns......Page 1324 34. 44 y/o Female With Fever and Bizarre Behavior......Page 1333 35. 88 y/o Male With Fever and Change in Mental Status......Page 1346 36. 80 y/o Female With Weakness......Page 1358 37. 38 y/o Male With Sore Throat and Fever......Page 1370 38. 55 y/o Female With Hematemesis......Page 1380 39. 28 y/o Male With Sickle Cell Disease and Chest Pain......Page 1390 40. 68 y/o Female With Palpitations......Page 1400 41. 58 y/o Male With Shortness of Breath......Page 1416 42. 35 y/o Female With Depression and Suicide Attempt......Page 1426 43. 44 y/o Male With Weakness......Page 1435 44. 78 y/o Female With Paralysis......Page 1447 45. A 2 y/o Male Near Drowning......Page 1458 46. Situation Encounter: A 14 y/o Male With a Limp, a 45 y/o Male With Shoulder Pain, and a Woman With Abdominal Pain......Page 1478 47. Situation Encounter: A 24 y/o Male With a Hand Laceration, a 62 y/o Female With SOB, and a 2 y/o Male With SOB......Page 1500 48. Situation Encounter: A 74 y/o Female With Mental Status Changes, a 45 y/o Male With a Headache and Syncope, and an 8 y/o Male With SOB......Page 1521 49. Situation Encounter: A 10 y/o Male Struck by a Car, a 22 y/o Male With Hemophilia and a Hand Laceration, and a 36 y/o Female With Acute Abdominal Pain......Page 1543 50. Situation Encounter: A 2 y/o Febrile Child, an 85 y/o Male With Eye Pain, and a 48 y/o Male With CP......Page 1564 Index......Page 1589