Carbon Allotropes and Composites: Materials for Environment Protection and Remediation

Description

The book discusses the most recent developments and trends in the use of carbon allotropes and their composites for environmental restoration and protection including synthesis, characterization and applications. Due to their huge surface area and numerous other distinguishing characteristics, nanostructure materials are widely used in a variety of applications. The production of substrates for better environmental protection and cleanup has been prompted by these qualities. They offer a superior surface for the adsorption of impurities and pollutants that contaminate industrial eff luents, wastewater, air, and soil. These all include a variety of harmful environmental substances such as toxic metals, phenolic compounds, dyes, and other substances that must be treated appropriately before being released into the environment. Composites made of highly efficient and relatively noble carbon allotropes are attracting significant attention for environmental protection and restoration. The use of carbon allotropes offers many benefits, including low cost, low toxicity, simple manufacture, and high efficiency. Therefore, they are ideal replacements for previously established materials. Carbon Allotropes and Composites is one of the first books on carbon allotropes and their composites in environmental protection and remediation, and features a description of CO2 capturing capability. Audience: The book is designed for a broad audience working in the fields of materials science and engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environmental chemistry, environmental science, etc. Cover Half Title Carbon Allotropes and Composites: Materials for Environment Protection and Remediation Copyright Contents Preface 1. Preparation of Carbon Allotropes Using Different Methods Abstract Abbreviations 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Synthesis Methods 1.2.1 Synthesis of CNTs 1.2.1.1 Arc Discharge Method 1.2.1.2 Laser Ablation Method 1.2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 1.2.1.4 Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PE-CVD) 1.2.2 Synthesis of CQDs 1.2.2.1 Arc Discharge 1.2.2.2 Laser Ablation 1.2.2.3 Acidic Oxidation 1.2.2.4 Combustion/Thermal Routes 1.2.2.5 Microwave Pyrolysis 1.2.2.6 Electrochemistry Method 1.2.2.7 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis 1.3 Conclusions References 2. Carbon Allotrope Composites: Basics, Properties, and Applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Allotropes of Carbon 2.3 Basics of Carbon Allotrope Composites and Their Properties 2.4 Composites of Graphite or Graphite Oxide (GO) 2.4.1 Applications of Graphite Oxide 2.5 Composites of Graphene 2.5.1 Applications of Graphene Oxide 2.6 Composite of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon 2.6.1 Applications of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon 2.7 Graphene (or Graphene Oxide)–Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Composites 2.7.1 Applications of CNF Composites 2.8 Graphene-Fullerene Composites 2.8.1 Applications of Graphene-Fullerene Composites 2.9 Conclusion References 3. Activation of Carbon Allotropes Through Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization: Attempts in Modifying Properties for Enhanced Performance Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Carbon Allotropes: Fundamentals and Properties 3.1.1.1 Graphite 3.1.1.2 Diamond 3.1.1.3 Graphene 3.1.1.4 Activated Carbon 3.1.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerene 3.1.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization 3.1.2.1 Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization 3.1.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization 3.2 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Allotropes 3.2.1 Biomedical 3.2.2 Waste Treatment 3.2.3 Pollutants Decontamination 3.2.4 Anticorrosive 3.2.5 Tribological 3.2.6 Catalytic 3.2.7 Reinforced Materials 3.3 Conclusions and Future Directions References 4. Carbon Allotropes in Lead Removal Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) 4.3 Dimension-Based Types of Carbon Nanomaterials 4.4 Purification of Water Using Fullerenes 4.5 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Water Purification 4.6 Application of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Water Purification 4.7 Conclusion References 5. Carbon Allotropes in Nickel Removal Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Carbon and Its Allotropes: As Remediation Technology for Ni 5.2.1 Nanotubes Based on Carbon 5.2.1.1 Overview 5.2.1.2 Features of CNTs 5.2.2 Fullerenes 5.2.3 Graphene 5.2.3.1 Overview 5.2.3.2 Properties 5.3 Removal of Ni in Wastewater by Use of Carbon Allotropes 5.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes for Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions 5.3.2 Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions on Composite Material of MWCNTs 5.3.3 GR and GO-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Ni 5.4 Conclusion References 6. Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Carbon-Based Allotropes 6.2.1 Graphene 6.2.2 Graphite 6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 6.2.4 Glassy Carbon (GC) 6.3 Molybdenum Disulfide 6.3.1 Synthesis of MoS2 6.3.2 Physical Methods 6.3.3 Chemical Methods 6.3.4 Properties 6.4 Application of MoS2 6.4.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 6.4.2 Catalyst 6.4.3 Desalination 6.4.4 Lubrication 6.4.5 Sensor 6.4.6 Electroanalytical 6.4.7 Biomedical 6.5 Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment 6.6 Conclusion References 7. Carbon Allotropes in Other Metals (Cu, Zn, Fe etc.) Removal Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Carbon-Allotropes: Synthesis Methods, Applications and Future Perspectives 7.3 Reaffirmations of Heavy Metal Contaminations in Water and Their Toxic Effects 7.3.1 Copper 7.3.2 Zinc 7.3.3 Lead 7.3.4 Cadmium 7.3.5 Arsenic 7.4 Technology is Used to Treat Heavy Ions of Metal 7.4.1 Chemical Precipitation 7.4.2 Ion-Exchange 7.4.3 Adsorption 7.4.4 Membrane Filtration 7.4.5 Electrodialysis 7.4.6 Flotation 7.4.7 Electrochemical Treatment 7.4.8 Electroflotation 7.4.9 Coagulation and Flocculation 7.5 Factors Influencing How Heavy Metal Ions Adhere to CNTs 7.5.1 pH 7.5.2 Ionic Strength 7.5.3 CNT Dosage 7.5.4 Contact Time 7.5.5 Temperature 7.5.6 Thermodynamic Variables 7.5.7 CNT Regeneration 7.5.8 Isotherm Equation 7.5.9 Current Issues and the Need for Additional Study 7.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8. Carbon Allotropes in Phenolic Compounds Removal Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Carbon Materials in Phenol Removal 8.2.1 Activated Carbon 8.2.2 Graphene 8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8.2.4 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide 8.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride 8.2.6 Carbon Materials in the Biodegradation of Phenols 8.3 Conclusions References 9. Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Importance of Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing 9.2 Main Part 9.2.1 Polymer-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing 9.2.2 Graphene-Aerogels-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing 9.3 Functionalized Graphene-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing 9.4 Conclusions References 10. Carbon Allotropes in Air Purification Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Historical and Chemical Properties of Some Designated Carbon-Based Allotropes 10.3 Structure and Characteristics of Carbon Allotropes 10.4 Uses of Carbon Nanotube Filters for Removal of Air Pollutants 10.5 Physicochemical Characterization of CNTs 10.6 TiO2 Nanofibers in a Simulated Air Purifier Under Visible Light Irradiation 10.7 Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVP) 10.8 VOCs 10.9 Heavy Metals 10.10 Particulate Matter (PM) 10.11 Techniques to Remove Air Pollutants and Improve Air Treatment Efficiency 10.12 Removal of NOX by Photochemical Oxidation Process 10.13 Chemically Adapted Nano-TiO2 10.14 Alternative Nanoparticulated System 10.15 Photodegradation of NOX Evaluated for the ZnO-Based Systems 10.16 Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 10.17 Mechanism of Technologies 10.18 Conclusion References 11. Carbon Allotropes in Waste Decomposition and Management Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Management Methods for Waste 11.2.1 Landfilling 11.2.2 Incineration 11.2.3 Mechanical Recycling 11.2.3.1 Downcycling Method 11.2.3.2 Upcycling Method 11.3 Process of Pyrolysis: Waste Management to the Synthesis of Carbon Allotropes 11.4 Synthesis Methods to Produce Carbon-Based Materials From Waste Materials 11.4.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis 11.4.2 Batch Pyrolysis-Catalysis 11.4.3 CVD Method 11.4.4 Pyrolysis-Deposition Followed by CVD 11.4.5 Thermal Decomposition 11.4.6 Activation Techniques 11.4.6.1 Physical Activation Technique 11.4.6.2 Chemical Activation Technique 11.5 Use of Waste Materials for the Development of Carbon Allotropes 11.5.1 Synthesis of CNTs Using Waste Materials 11.5.2 Synthesis of Graphene Using Waste Materials 11.6 Applications for Carbon-Based Materials 11.6.1 CNTs 11.6.2 Graphene 11.6.3 Activated Carbon 11.7 Conclusions References 12. Carbon Allotropes in a Sustainable Environment Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes 12.2.1 Covalent Functionalization 12.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization 12.3 Developments of Carbon Allotropes and Their Applications 12.4 Carbon Allotropes in Sustainable Environment 12.5 Carbon Allotropes Purification Process in the Treatment of Wastewater 12.5.1 Fullerenes 12.5.2 Bucky Paper Membrane (BP) 12.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 12.5.3.1 CNT Adsorption Mechanism 12.5.3.2 CNTs Ozone Method 12.5.3.3 CNTs-Fenton-Like Systems 12.5.3.4 CNTs-Persulfates Systems 12.5.3.5 CNTs-Ferrate/Permanganate Systems 12.5.4 Graphene 12.6 Removal of Various Pollutants 12.6.1 Arsenic 12.6.2 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals 12.6.3 Heavy Metals 12.6.4 Pesticides and Other Pest Controllers 12.6.5 Fluoride 12.7 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Adsorption 12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 13. Carbonaceous Catalysts for Pollutant Degradation Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Strategies to Develop Carbon-Based Material 13.3 Advantages of Carbon-Based Metal Nanocomposites 13.4 Methods for the Development of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 13.5 Carbon-Based Photocatalyst 13.5.1 Fullerene (C60) 13.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 13.5.3 Graphene 13.5.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) 13.5.5 Diamond 13.6 Applications 13.6.1 Dye Degradation 13.6.2 Organic Transformation 13.6.3 NOx Removal 13.7 Factors Affecting Degradation 13.7.1 Radiation 13.7.2 Exfoliation 13.7.3 pH 13.7.4 Reaction Condition 13.7.5 Carbonaceous Material 13.8 Challenges 13.9 Conclusion and Future Aspects Acknowledgments Abbreviations References 14. Importance and Contribution of Carbon Allotropes in a Green and Sustainable Environment Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Basic Aspects of Sustainability 14.2 Changes Being Observed in Nature and Their Effect on Our Planet 14.2.1 Water, Air, and Effect on Energy Generation 14.2.2 Air Quality 14.2.3 Pollution (Air/Water) 14.2.4 Carbon Footprint 14.2.5 Green House Effect 14.2.6 Ozone Layer Depletion 14.2.7 Temperature 14.2.8 Effect on Farm Products 14.2.9 Plastic 14.2.10 Radiation Pollution 14.3 Advantages of Green House Effect 14.3.1 Supports and Promotes Life 14.3.2 Photosynthesis 14.4 Industrial Sustainability 14.5 Corrosion and Its Implications 14.5.1 Corrosion 14.5.2 Corrosion and Sustainable Environment 14.5.3 Industrial Operations and Environmental Sustainability 14.5.4 Industrial Machinery Corrosion and Its Implications 14.6 Corrosion Control and Material Properties 14.6.1 Mechanical Properties 14.6.2 Corrosion Resistant Materials 14.6.3 Design Consideration 14.6.4 Erosion Corrosion 14.6.5 Cathodic/Anodic Protection 14.6.6 Corrosion Inhibitors 14.6.7 Nanomaterials 14.7 Carbon Allotropes and Corrosion Inhibition 14.7.1 Carbon Dots (CD) or Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD) 14.7.2 Buckminster Fullerene C60 14.7.3 Graphene 14.7.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 14.8 Conclusion 14.8.1 Commercialization 14.8.2 Synergy in Mixed Nanohybrids References Index