Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier World: A Global View of Progress Towards SDG 6

Description

This volume presents a review of global progress made towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6): Clean Water and Sanitation, part of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It builds on the latest data and statistics provided by the UN  and other international organizations through chapters written by a wide variety of authors, including representatives of government ministries and departments, members of international organizations specializing in this area, academics and senior professionals. The book details how SDG 6 is being approached in a number of geographic regions, with each chapter describing developments in a particular region or country. Supporting case studies presented in the book illustrate progress, achievements and challenges that remain in the effort to reach SDG 6 by 2030. The book is intended for academics/researchers, scientists, policymakers, practitioners, and all stakeholders working at the global, regional, national and local levels who support or are engaged with the implementation of SDG 6. Preface Contents About the Editor 1: Introduction 1.1 From IDWSSD to MDGs and SDGs 1.2 Interlinkages Between 17 SDGs and 169 Targets 1.3 Chapter Contents 1.3.1 Chapter 2 Latin America 1.3.2 Chapter 3 Caribbean 1.3.3 Chapter 4 Africa 1.3.4 Chapter 5: Ghana 1.3.5 Chapter 6 Russia 1.3.6 Chapter 7 China 1.3.7 Chapter 8 South Asia 1.3.8 Chapter 9 Sri Lanka 1.3.9 Chapter 10 Solomon Islands 1.3.10 Chapter 11 Indigenous Populations of Some of the World’s Wealthiest Nations 1.3.11 Chapter 12 Conclusions and Beyond 2030 References 2: The Objectives of Sustainable Development of Water and Sanitation in Latin America 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Transition from the MDG to SDG 2.2.1 Baseline Studies of the WASH Indicators for Some Selected Latin American Countries 2.2.2 The Case of Argentina Sanitation Drinking Water 2.2.3 The Case of Mexico Sanitation Water 2.2.4 The Peruvian Case Sanitation Water 2.3 Open Defecation in Latin America and Caribbean Countries (LAC) 2.4 Inequalities in Access to Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America and the Caribbean 2.5 Regional Inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean 2.6 Inequalities in the Access of Water and Sanitation Services and Facilities by Different Population Subgroups 2.7 Comparison of the Degree of Social-Spatial Inequality in the Access to Water and Sanitation Between LAC Countries 2.8 Affordability 2.9 Conclusion References 3: Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier Caribbean 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background: Water and Sanitation Sector in the Caribbean 3.3 Current Performance in Meeting SDG 6: Trinidad and Barbados 3.3.1 Trinidad SDG 6.1 Universal and Equitable Access to Affordable Drinking Water SGD 6.2 Sanitation and Hygiene SDG 6.3 Water Quality and Wastewater SDG6.4 Water Use and Scarcity SDG 6.4.2 Level of Water Stress: Freshwater Withdrawal as a Proportion of Available Freshwater Resources SDG 6.5 Water Resources Management SDG 6.6 Water-Related Ecosystems SDG 6.a International Cooperation and Capacity Building SDG 6.b Stakeholder Participation 3.3.2 Barbados SDG 6.1 Universal and Equitable Access to Affordable Drinking Water SDG 6.2 Sanitation and Hygiene SDG 6.3 Water Quality SDG 6.4 Water Use and Scarcity SDG 6.5 Water Resources Management SDG 6.6 Water-Related Ecosystems SDG 6a International Cooperation and Capacity Building SDG 6b Stakeholder Participation 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Access to Potable Water 3.4.2 Affordability and Equity 3.4.3 Level of Service Provision, Sanitation, and Hygiene 3.4.4 Water Quality and Pollution 3.4.5 Water Use and Scarcity 3.4.6 Water Resources Management 3.4.7 Water-Related Ecosystems 3.4.8 International Cooperation and Capacity Building 3.4.9 Stakeholder Participation 3.5 Recommendations 3.6 Conclusion References 4: Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier World: A Global View of Progress Towards SDG 6- Africa 4.1 Introduction 4.2 From MDGs (2000–2015) to SDGs (2016–2030) in Africa 4.3 Sub-Saharan Africa Situation in Access to Basic Drinking Water and Sanitation 4.4 The Progress of Sub-Saharan Africa in Meeting the SDG 6 Targets by 2030 4.5 The Challenges of Water and Sanitation Sectors of Africa 4.5.1 The Physical Water Scarcity 4.5.2 The Economic Water Scarcity Costing of the Basic Water and Sanitation Services Sources of Finance Financing Gap Closing the Financing Gap 4.6 Conclusion References 5: Sustainable Safe Water and Sanitation Interventions in Remote Parts of Ghana 5.1 Water and Sanitation in the Rural Parts of Ghana 5.1.1 The Scene 5.1.2 The Daily Burden of Water Collection 5.1.3 Interventions 5.2 Action for Sustainable Development Goal 6 5.2.1 A Daunting Task 5.2.2 Small NGOs Can Make a Difference 5.2.3 Measurable Indicators of Outturn 5.2.4 Reasons for Failure of Boreholes 5.2.5 Management of Boreholes 5.2.6 Borehole Interventions Following Community Filters 5.2.7 Maintaining Access to Safe Water During the Farming Season 5.2.8 Borehole Interventions with Dry Season Livelihood Enhancements 5.3 Sand Dams 5.4 Safe Sanitation 5.4.1 Pit Latrines 5.4.2 Dry Pit Latrines 5.4.3 Pour-Flush Pit Latrines 5.4.4 Hand Washing 5.5 Conclusions References 6: Russia’s Readiness to Achieve SDG 6 in Drinking Water and Sanitation by 2030 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Water Resources for Sustainable Development in Russia 6.2.1 Water Reserves in Russia 6.2.2 Water Resources in Russia 6.2.3 Use of Water Resources 6.2.4 Water Resources Management 6.2.5 Schemes of Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies 6.3 Water Strategy of Russia and the Federal Program “Clean Water” for the Implementation of MDG 7 6.4 Implementation of SDG 6 in Russia (2015–2030) 6.4.1 Providing the Population with Clean Water and Sanitation Services (SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2) Equitable Sanitation and Hygiene for All (Target 6.2) 6.4.2 Improving Water Quality and Reducing Water Pollution (Target 6.3) 6.4.3 Improving the Efficiency of Water Use in the Sectors and Solving the Problem of Water Scarcity (Target 6.4) Transport Fishing Hydropower Water Supply and Sewerage Integrated Water Resources Management (Target 6.5) 6.4.4 Protection and Restoration of Water-Related Ecosystems (Target 6.6) 6.4.5 International Cooperation on Water Use and Protection of Water Resources (Target 6.a) 6.4.6 Participation of Local Authorities and Citizens in Improving Water Management and Sanitation (Target 6.b) 6.5 Conclusions References 7: Progress of SDG6 Goals in China Since 2015 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Drinking Water Safety 7.2.1 Rural Population 7.2.2 Urban Population 7.3 Environmental Sanitation 7.3.1 Rural Waste Discharge and Treatment 7.3.2 Urban Waste Discharge and Treatment 7.3.3 Toilet Revolution Rural Toilets Public Toilets Tourist Toilets 7.4 Improve Water Use Efficiency 7.4.1 Building a Water-Saving Society 7.4.2 Protection and Management of Water Resources 7.4.3 Sewage Treatment 7.5 Water Safety During COVID-19 Outbreak 7.6 Concluding Remarks and Projecting Progress of SDG6 References 8: Readiness of South Asian Countries to Achieve SDG 6 Targets by 2030 in the Sanitation Sector 8.1 Background and Justification 8.2 Methodology 8.2.1 Study Area 8.3 Situational Analysis 8.3.1 Afghanistan 8.3.2 Pakistan 8.3.3 India 8.3.4 Nepal 8.3.5 Bhutan 8.3.6 Bangladesh 8.3.7 Maldives 8.3.8 Sri Lanka 8.4 Assessment and Discussions 8.5 Countries on the SDG 6 Ladder 8.6 Status and the Way Forward 8.7 Policy Conclusion References 9: Readiness of Sri Lanka to Achieve SDG 6 Targets in Water and Sanitation by 2030 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Sri Lanka 9.1.2 Importance of Safe Water and Sanitation for Sri Lanka 9.2 Transition from MDGs to SDGs in Sri Lanka 9.3 Government Strategies to Achieve SDG Targets 9.3.1 Water Supply Coverage and Corporate Goals 9.4 SDG 6.1 Safe Drinking Water 9.5 SDG 6.2 Safely Managed Sanitation Services 9.6 Impact of COVID-19 9.6.1 Water Consumption Before and During COVID-19 9.6.2 Water Production Before and During COVID-19 9.6.3 Effect of Water for All and Operation and Maintenance Activities of NWSDB 9.7 SDG 3 and SDG 6 Interlinkage 9.7.1 Progress of WASH Program 9.8 Discussion and Conclusions References 10: Readiness of Solomon Islands in Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Water and Sanitation 10.1 Solomon Islands 10.2 Water and Sanitation in Solomon Islands 10.3 Baseline Studies of the Wash Indicators in Solomon Islands 10.3.1 The Rural Development Program (RDP) and Some Impact Stories 10.3.2 Community and Infrastructure Services 10.3.3 Water Security in Radesifolamae Village, Malaita Province 10.3.4 Improving Livelihoods Through Access to Clean Water, Komubeti and Gilutae, Guadalcanal Province 10.4 Solomon Islands Preparation Towards Achieving SDG Targets (2016–2030) in Clean Water and Sanitation 10.5 Water and Sanitation Governance and Access Improvement Progress 10.5.1 Objectives and Purpose of “RWASH” Program in Solomon Islands Policy Context Improving Health Through Community Participation in RWASH Project in Solomon Islands The RWASH Integrated Strategic Action Plan Governance Ability to Share Knowledge (Corporate Intelligence) Evidence to Ensure New Policies and Programs Is Successful (Evidence for the Rural Water Safety Plan) 10.6 Achievements in the WATSAN Sector in Solomon Islands from 2016 to 2020 10.7 Key Constraints 10.7.1 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) 10.7.2 Funding 10.8 Conclusion References 11: Poor Water Quality and Related Health Issues in Remote Indigenous Populations of Some of the World’s Wealthiest Nations 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Water and Health Conditions in Remote Indigenous Populations 11.2.1 United States of America The Navajo Nation Crow Reservation 11.2.2 Canada Inuit Communities of Labrador First Nations Communities in the Province of Ontario 11.2.3 Australia Goldfields of Western Australia Desert Communities of Northern Territory 11.3 Challenges to Progress – Lack of Funding and Political Will 11.3.1 United States of America 11.3.2 Canada 11.3.3 Australia 11.3.4 COVID-19 Impacts – The Latest Challenge for All 11.4 Water Treatment Solutions – A Key to Progress 11.5 Conclusion References 12: Common Themes, Accelerating Progress and Beyond 2030 12.1 Recognising System Interactions 12.2 Emerging Themes 12.2.1 South America 12.2.2 Small Island Developing States 12.2.3 Africa 12.2.4 Russia 12.2.5 China 12.2.6 Sri Lanka 12.2.7 Indigenous Communities 12.3 Actions to Accelerate Progress 12.4 Beyond 2030 References Index